Command Center

ABSTRACT

A command center includes at least one network communications interface configured for two-way communications with a plurality of sites remote from the command center and at least one display screen and user interface. Each of the plurality of sites includes at least one forensic field test device configured to identify individuals using DNA samples from the individuals. The display screen and user interface are configured to depict aspects of forensic field test devices of the plurality of sites, wherein the aspects include a site identifier for each of the forensic field test devices and one or more additional aspects.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application62/467,050, entitled “Command Center” and filed Mar. 3, 2017, and toInternational Application PCT/US2016/054994, entitled “Command Center”and filed Sep. 30, 2016, which claims the benefit of the filing dates ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/264,314, entitled “CommandCenter”, filed Dec. 7, 2015 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/235,127, entitled “Command Center”, filed Sep. 30, 2015, which areherein incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

None.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a number of jurisdictions including some in the United States, aperson cannot be held in custody for an unreasonable amount of timewithout being charged with a crime. Identification of persons ofinterests by law enforcement agencies may employ forensic testing, suchas DNA and biometric testing. Conventionally, such tests are performedby sending biological samples to a central location for processing andanalysis, which may take weeks or months.

One effort to expedite identification of persons of interest by lawenforcement agencies is to provide field equipment at various locationsto collect and process DNA samples, and upload the resulting forensicdata for searching of a forensic database. If a match is found between aperson's profile and a profile from a forensic sample in the database,there may be reason to link the person with crime associated with theprofile in the database.

However, there may be various technical problems associated with thefield equipment and the results generated by the field equipment. Formany of these problems, time is of essence at least because the limitedduration of custody and availability of the person giving the sample.For instance, data analysis results may need expert review and input todetermine whether a sample has been properly processed or a furthersample needs to be collected. If it is not promptly determined that ananalysis of a sample is problematic, a further sample may not beavailable after the person is released.

Moreover, equipment hardware, software, and supply of consumables neededfor testing may have technical problems or need status monitoring.However, personnel available at the field often do not have thetechnical expertise to solve these problems promptly or at all. Evenpersonnel at a central location do not always have prompt access tonecessary information or knowledge expertise to solve these problems. Inan example, for a large scale of network of field equipment, a largeamount of DNA analysis files may require review and input from humanexperts, which may not be immediately available at the central location.Thus, files requiring review can cause substantial delays in completingthe forensic analysis. Any delay between the time a file is generated bya system and the time that file is reviewed by a forensic scientistdelays the time the file can be uploaded to a DNA database and a matchdetermined. Such delay can result in release of a person in custody forwhom a match may be found in the database.

A similar situation can arise with other types of forensic data tasksthat require very quick performance or review by an expert. In somesituations, two different DNA samples are processed (for example onefrom a crime scene and one from a person of interest) and the expertreview needed is to determine if the profiles are a match. Again, timecan be of the essence in particular situations and situations may ariseat a time or place when experts are not generally available. Otherforensic situations requiring expert review might include matching oranalyzing crime scene data such as fingerprints, shoe prints, tireprints, various objects or materials, etc.

Automated genetic systems at present generally indicate one or morefiles that require review to an operator of the system and then wait fora human operator to take action to have the file reviewed by a qualifiedexpert such as a forensic scientist or to otherwise have the filechecked or rerun to meet quality standards. The reviewed or correctedfile may then be uploaded to a DNA database to determine a match. Reviewand correction of a file by a forensic scientist can improve theaccuracy of allele calls in an STR profile, thereby improving theprobability that a correct match will be found. However, law enforcementpersonnel may lack the expertise to run and maintain the DNA testsystem, and when help is needed, there is no easy way to remotelysupport the forensic law enforcement users and maintain the forensicequipment in the field.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the disclosure relates to a command center including acomputer. The command center includes (a) at least one networkcommunications interface configured for two-way communications with aplurality of sites remote from the command center, wherein each sitecomprises at least one forensic field test device configured to identifyindividuals using DNA samples from the individuals; and (b) at least onedisplay screen and user interface. The display screen and user interfaceare configured to: depict aspects of forensic field test devices of theplurality of sites, wherein the aspects include a site identifier foreach of the forensic field test devices and one or more additionalaspects selected from the group consisting of: a current status of atleast one of the forensic field test devices, a log of operations of atleast one of the forensic field test devices, a status of consumables ofat least one of the forensic field test devices, and operatorinformation of at least one of the forensic field test devices. Thedisplay screen and user interface are also configured to receive inputfrom personnel present in the command center for controlling operationof at least one of the forensic field test devices.

Some implementations provide systems including the command center andthe forensic field test devices at the plurality of sites. In someimplementations, the forensic field test devices include anelectrophoresis device.

In some implementations, the command center includes logic for sendingoperation commands through the network communications interface to oneor more forensic field test devices to control operation of the one ormore forensic field test devices.

In some implementations, the display screen and user interface of thecommand center are further configured to display on the display screen ageographical map showing the site identifiers for the plurality of sitesincluding the forensic field test devices. In some implementations, thedisplay screen and user interface are further configured to receive userinput selecting one or more of the site identifiers displayed on thegeographical map. In some implementations, the display screen and userinterface are further configured to display a log of operations of aforensic field test device at a site associated with a selected siteidentifier. In some implementations, the log of operations includes alist of instrument runs of tests using DNA data provided by the forensicfield test devices at the sites.

In some implementations, the display screen and user interface of thecommand center are further configured to display a flag associated withan instrument run shown in the list of instrument runs, wherein theflagged instrument run includes a potentially unreliable DNA analysis.In some implementations, the command center further includes logic forproviding the potentially unreliable DNA analysis to an expert at alocation remote from the command center.

In some implementations, the display screen and user interface of thecommand center are further configured to display a DNA analysisinterface for DNA data analyses performed on DNA data provided by theforensic field test devices at the sites. In some implementations, theDNA analysis interface is configured to receive user input forconfirming or clearing a DNA analysis as unreliable.

In some implementations, the display screen and user interface of thecommand center are further configured to display the consumables monitorshowing statuses of consumables of the forensic field test devices.

In some implementations, the display screen and user interface arefurther configured to display authorization statuses of operators of theforensic field test devices.

In some implementations, the command center also includes logicconfigured to send DNA test profiles to a third-party database centerand/or receiving results from the third-party database center regardingwhether the DNA profiles match any profiles in any DNA database of thethird-party database center.

In other aspect of the disclosure relates to the command centerincluding a computer. The computer includes: (a) at least one networkcommunications interface configured for two-way communications with aplurality of sites remote from the command center, wherein each siteincludes at least one field test device, wherein the at least one fieldtest device includes a biochemical test device, biometric test device,or a diagnostic device; and (b) at least one display screen and userinterface. The display and user interface are configured to: depictaspects of field test devices of the plurality of sites, wherein theaspects include a site identifier for each of the field test devices andone or more additional aspects selected from the group consisting of: acurrent status of at least one of the field test devices, a log ofoperations of at least one of the field test devices, an instrument runlist of at least one of the field test devices, a level of consumablesof at least one of the field test devices, and operator information ofat least one of the field test devices. The display and user interfaceare also configured to receive input from personnel present in thecommand center for controlling operation of at least one of the fieldtest devices.

A further aspect of the disclosure relates to methods implemented on acommand center computer including at least one network communicationsinterface, at least one display screen and user interface, and one ormore processors. The methods include: (a) establishing, through the atleast one network communications interface, two-way communicationsbetween the command center computer and a plurality of sites remote fromthe command center computer, wherein each site includes at least oneforensic field test device configured to identify individuals using DNAsamples from the individuals; (b) displaying, using the display screenand user interface, aspects of forensic field test devices of theplurality of sites, wherein at least one of the aspects includes a siteidentifier for each of the forensic field test devices and one or moreadditional aspects selected from the group consisting of: a currentstatus of at least one of the forensic field test devices, a log ofoperations of at least one of the forensic field test devices, aninstrument run list of at least one of the forensic field test devices,a level of consumables of at least one of the forensic field testdevices, and operator information of at least one of the forensic fieldtest devices; and (c) receiving, using the display screen and userinterface, input from personnel present in the command center forcontrolling operation of at least one of the forensic field testdevices.

In some implementations, the forensic field test devices include anelectrophoresis device.

In some implementations, the method further includes sending operationcommands through the network communications interface to one or moreforensic field test devices to control operation of the one or moreforensic field test devices. In some implementations, the methodinvolves displaying a geographical map showing the site identifiers forthe plurality of sites including the forensic field test devices. Insome implementations, the method further including receiving user inputthat selects one or more of the site identifiers displayed on thegeographical map. In some implementations, the method further involvesdisplaying a log of operations of a forensic field test device at a siteassociated with a selected site identifier. In some implementations, thelog of operations includes a list of instrument runs of tests using DNAdata provided by the forensic field test devices at the sites. In someimplementations, the method further involves displaying a flagassociated with instrument run shown in the list of instrument runs,wherein the flagged instrument run includes a potentially unreliable DNAanalysis. includes a potentially unreliable DNA analysis. In someimplementations, the method includes sending the potentially unreliableDNA analysis to an expert at a location remote from the command center.

In some implementations, the method includes displaying a DNA analysisinterface for DNA data analyses performed on DNA data provided by theforensic field test devices at the sites. In some implementations, themethod including receiving, using the DNA analysis interface, user inputfor confirming or clearing a DNA analysis as unreliable.

In some implementations, the method includes displaying the consumablesmonitor showing statuses of consumables of the forensic field testdevices.

In some implementations, the method includes displaying authorizationstatuses of operators of the forensic field test devices.

In some implementations, the method further involves sending, throughthe network communications interface, DNA test profiles to a third-partydatabase center and/or receiving results from the third-party databasecenter.

In one aspect disclosed herein is a computer-implemented methodcomprising: (a) establishing a first communication link between acommand center comprising a computer and at least one biochemical,biometric or diagnostic test device comprising a computer; and (b)performing a first two-way communication over the first communicationlink, wherein the first two-way communication includes: (i)communication between the command center and a user of the test device,wherein said communication communicates an instruction or query and aresponse to the instruction or query; and (ii) communication betweencomputers in the command center and in at least one of the test devices,wherein said communication communicates: (1) information from the testdevice about an operating parameter of the test device, and (2)instructions from the command center controlling the operating parameterof the test device.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises: (c) establishing asecond communication link between the command center and an operationsservice provider; and (d) performing a second two-way communication overthe second communication link, wherein the second two-way communicationincludes transmitting a query concerning command center or test deviceoperation from the command center to the operations service provider,and receiving a response to the query at the command center from theoperations service provider. In another embodiment the method comprisesinitiating a help request at the command center and processing the helprequest at the operations service provider. An operations serviceprovider has specialized knowledge of test devices and of the commandcenter.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises: (c) performing abiochemical, biometric or diagnostic test on the test device to producea test result and communicating the test result to the command centerover the first communication link; (d) establishing a secondcommunication link between the command center and at least one thirdparty database; and (e) performing a second two-way communication overthe second communication link, wherein the second two-way communicationincludes transmitting the test result from the command center to thethird party database, and receiving at the command center acommunication from the third party database, wherein the communicationindicates a result of a search of the third party database ofinformation relating to the test result. In another embodiment themethod further comprises: (f) performing a communication from thecommand center to the test device reporting the result of the search. Inanother embodiment the database is a forensic database. In anotherembodiment the database is an STR database.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises: (c) performing abiochemical, biometric or diagnostic test on the test device to producea test result including a report and communicating the test result tothe command center over the first communication link; (d) establishing asecond communication link between the command center and at least oneservice provider; and (e) performing a second two-way communication overthe second communication link, wherein the second two-way communicationincludes transmitting the test result from the command center to the atleast one service provider, and receiving at the command center acommunication from the at least one service provider including a revisedreport. In some implementations, the service provider is a forensicexpert trained to analyze the test result. In one embodiment the atleast one service provider is crowd-sourced. In some implementations,the at least one service provider comprises multiple service providers.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises: (c) establishing asecond communication link between the command center and a consumablessupplier; and (d) placing an order for consumables over the secondcommunication link, e.g., for delivery to a location of a test device.

In another embodiment the at least one test device is a plurality oftest devices.

In another embodiment communication is performed over a cloud-basedcomputing service.

In another embodiment communication is performed over radio ortelephone.

In another embodiment communication is performed over the internet.

In another embodiment the method comprises encrypting prior totransmitting messages.

In another embodiment the instruction is initiated by a computer of thecommand center or an operator at the command center, and wherein theinstruction concerns operation of the test device.

In another embodiment the query is initiated by the user of a testdevice and is directed to a computer of the command center or anoperator at the command center, and wherein the query concerns operationof the test device. In another embodiment the query is delivered byvoice or text.

In another embodiment the method comprises remotely administering aproficiency test to a user of the first device. In another embodimentthe method comprises altering the proficiency test by remotely changingone or more questions.

In another embodiment the first communication link further comprisesvideo communication between a camera in the test device and the commandcenter. In another embodiment the instruction is based on videocommunication originating at the test device, or the query is deliveredthrough video communication at the test device.

In another embodiment the method comprises processing a help requestinitiated at the test device.

In another embodiment the method comprises processing a help request viatext, email, voice conference, video conference, or telephone call.

In another embodiment the query concerns a subject selected from thegroup consisting of Monitor instrument status, Data transfer, Remotehelp, Ordering, User management, Consumables management, UserCompliance, and System QC.

In another embodiment the operating parameter is selected from the groupconsisting of Monitor instrument status, Data transfer, Remote help,Ordering, User management, Consumables management, User Compliance, andSystem quality control (QC).

The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying on one or moremonitors at a location of the command center, information about statusof each test device in communication with the command center.

In another embodiment the device includes one or more instruments,comprising monitoring one or more of the instruments.

In another embodiment the method comprises remotely monitoring autilization of the first test device.

In another embodiment the test device exposes a test cartridge to asolution in a chemical cartridge, and wherein the method comprisesremotely monitoring remaining solutions in the chemical cartridge.

In another embodiment the chemical cartridge comprises an assay,comprising monitoring assay performance.

In another embodiment the method comprises generating an alert toreorder one or more chemical cartridges when cartridge usage reaches apredetermined threshold.

In another embodiment the method comprises remotely detecting if achemical cartridge is expiring and generating an alert therefrom.

In another embodiment the method comprises remotely monitoring hardwareand software performance of the test device.

In another embodiment the method comprises periodically (e.g., aboutevery week, month, quarter or year) any of performing remote qualitycontrol or diagnostics on the test device.

In another embodiment the method comprises remotely checking for correctoperator usage of the test device.

In another embodiment the method comprises remotely checking if the testdevice is powered on.

In another embodiment the method comprises sending a reminder to a userof the test device about an upcoming quality control test.

In another embodiment the method comprises detecting if a test devicesupply is below a predetermined threshold and generating an order toresupply the first test device.

In another embodiment the method comprises receiving the order andgenerating an estimated arrival date.

In another embodiment the method comprises generating an alert when achemical supply or a number of available reactions at the first testdevice is below a threshold.

In another embodiment the method comprises remotely updating software onthe test device.

In another embodiment the test device performs an analysis selected froma medical diagnostic test, detection of a blood borne analyte, DNAsequence analysis, STR analysis, fingerprint analysis, retinal scan,facial recognition and voice recognition.

In another embodiment the test device performs forensic analysis.

In another embodiment the method comprises establishing a network socketconnection with a first test device.

In another aspect provided herein is a system comprising: (a) a commandcenter comprising a computer; and (b) at least one biochemical,biometric or diagnostic test device in two-way communication with thecommand center; and wherein the command center and the test device areconfigured to exchange: (i) first two-way communication between acomputer in the command center or an operator at the command center anda user of the test device; and (ii) a second two-way communicationbetween a computer at the command center one or more test devices. Inone embodiment the command center further comprises at least one monitorthat displays information about status of each test device incommunication with the command center. In another embodiment the systemfurther comprises a communication link with a cloud-based computingservice. In another embodiment the system further comprises acommunication link with a cloud-based computing service. In anotherembodiment the system further comprises a communication link with athird party database. In another embodiment the system further comprisesa communication link with at least one test result review expert. Inanother embodiment the system further comprises a communication linkwith an operations service provider.

In another aspect provided herein is a system comprising: a centralcomputer comprising a display having one or more display screensdisplaying a plurality of icons, wherein the central computer isconfigured to establish two-way communication with a plurality of remotetest devices through a communications network; a plurality of remotetest devices configured for two way communication with the centralcomputer through the communications network, and wherein clicking on aparticular one of the icons enable communication through thecommunications network with a particular one of the test devices; andwherein other of the icons, when clicked, enable communication with oneor more other remote computers in communication with the centralcomputer through the communications network, wherein the remotecomputers are selected from: (1) a computer containing a forensicdatabase; (2) a computer providing content related to forensic scienceor law enforcement; (3) a computer used by an expert forensic serviceprovider; and (4) a computer used by a supplier of consumables used inoperation of the remote test devices. In certain embodiments, clickingother particular icons enables communication between a plurality of theremote computers, e.g., at least three or all four of the remotecomputers enumerated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary command center system of the disclosure.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D show exemplary processes executed by a system ofthis disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows a process flow diagram of exemplary methods to allow remotemonitoring and control of a remote test equipment from a command center.

FIG. 4 shows a process flow diagram of exemplary methods to allow remotemonitoring and control of a remote test equipment from a command center.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary command center user interface.

FIG. 6 shows exemplary command center connectivity architecture.

FIG. 7 illustrates a diagram of a process for operating a command centerand communicating with one or more forensic field test devices.

FIG. 8 is a map view activated by selecting an icon in a graphical userinterface (GUI).

FIG. 9 illustrates a graphical user interface of the command center thatappears as the default screen when the command center initiates agraphical user interface.

FIG. 10 shows an example of a graphical user interface activated inresponse to a user gesture performed on a site identifier.

FIG. 11A shows an example of a graphical user interface for analyzingand displaying data from an instrument run.

FIG. 11B shows a graphical user interface that includes a zoomed indisplay of the data including the data flagged at a location.

FIG. 11C shows a pop-up window that the user of a graphical userinterface may activate to provide input about selected data.

FIG. 12A shows a graphical user interface including information aboutoperators or users of the forensic field test devices.

FIG. 12B shows that devices have been assigned to a user.

FIG. 13 shows a graphical user interface that depicts the operation andfeatures of the forensic field test device.

FIG. 14 shows a graphical user interface including live video feeds fromthe forensic field test device and the command center.

FIG. 15 shows a graphical user interface including information of ordersof consumables.

FIG. 16A illustrates system for processing biochemical or biometric datausing crowd sourced service providers.

FIG. 16B illustrates a method for processing electropherograms usingcrowd sourced service providers.

FIG. 16C illustrates a method for handling of a biometric data file byan automated system.

FIG. 16D illustrates a process for flagging and processingelectropherograms.

FIG. 16E illustrates a process for reviewing an STR profile file orother forensic data file having flagged items.

FIG. 16F illustrates a process for processing an STR profile computerfiles.

FIG. 17A shows a flowchart illustrating a process for obtaining agenetic profile from a test sample including genetic material of aperson of interest.

FIG. 17B shows a flowchart illustrating a process for correctingcontamination of DNA sample by DNA material of staff member.

FIGS. 18A-18E show graphical user interfaces or a computer tool forcomparing electrophoresis data of test samples and staff members.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Introduction

A system of this disclosure includes a command center configured as acommunications hub between the command center and a number of termini.The termini can include one or more test devices, one or more thirdparty databases, one or more expert reviewers of test device results andone or more operations service centers.

Provided herein is a system comprising a central computer comprising anetwork communications interface. The central computer communicates witheach of a plurality of remote computers through a two-way communicationnetwork. In some embodiments, each remote computer is comprised in aforensic field test device. Such devices can be configured to identifyindividuals using DNA samples from the individuals. The central computercan comprise at least one display screen and user interface configuredto: depict aspects of forensic field test devices of the plurality ofsites, wherein the aspects comprise a site identifier for each of theforensic field test devices and one or more additional aspects selectedfrom the group consisting of: a current status of at least one of theforensic field test devices, a log of operations of at least one of theforensic field test devices, a status of consumables of at least one ofthe forensic field test devices, and operator information of at leastone of the forensic field test devices; and receive input from personnelpresent in the command center for controlling operation of at least oneof the forensic field test devices.

In certain embodiments, remote computers in communication with thecentral computer can include computers containing databases ofinformation, e.g., forensic or medical databases; computers containinginterfaces for communication with experts, computers of serviceproviders and/or, computers of advertisers or content providers, e.g.,content concerning forensics.

The command center can perform a number of remote functions including:Monitoring instrument status, transferring data, providing remote help,ordering supplies, managing user activity, managing consumables,managing user compliance, and providing system quality control. Thecontrol center improves efficiency Data review, Quality control, Livehelp, Ordering, and Linkage of regional Command Centers (command center)to centralized command center.

Turning now to FIG. 1, an exemplary command center 110 provides remotesupport or assistance to a plurality of test devices 120, each of whichcan be biochemical, biometric or diagnostic test device, and which canbe located in stations from which the command center is remote (e.g.,“remote” test devices). A remote device can be located in another room,another building, another city, another state or another country. Aremote device can be located at least 500 meters, at least 1 kilometer,at least 10 kilometers, at least 100 kilometers or at least 1000kilometers from the command center. In one embodiment, the commandcenter 110 can be operated by law enforcement agency such as a city,state or national police department. It can be located in departmentheadquarters and can communicate with test devices in each of aplurality of local police stations. The command center 110 can bestandalone. Command center 110 also can communicate with an operationsservice provider 102, which itself can function as a command center. Thecommand center 110 can also communicate with computers used by one ormore test result reviewers, e.g., forensic experts, 130 who can supplyadvice to any other member using the network of FIG. 1. The commandcenter also can communicate with a third party database of test resultinformation, 112.

II. Methods

FIGS. 2A-2D show exemplary processes executed by the command center ofFIG. 1. In (200) the process includes establishing a first communicationlink between a command center and at least one biochemical, biometric ordiagnostic test device. In (202), the process performs a first two-waycommunication over the first communication link with: (210)communication between the command center and a user of the test device,wherein said communication communicates an instruction or query and aresponse to the instruction or query; and (212) communication betweencomputers in the command center and in at least one of the test devices,wherein said communication communicates: (1) information from the testdevice about an operating parameter of the test device, and (2)instructions from the command center controlling the operating parameterof the test device.

Two-way communication between the command center and a user of a testdevice can include a request for help by the user to either an operatorat the command center or to a computer at the command center. Responsecan include instructions provided live by an operator or by thecomputer. Two-way communication also can include a query or a commandfrom the command center to a user, such as an instruction, followed by aresponse from the user. The response from the user may be an automatedsignal from the device that an operation has been performed, e.g., thata swab has been scanned, subject identifying information has beeninputted, a sample cartridge has been loaded or consumables have beenloaded.

III. Communication With Test Devices

A. Devices

Systems and methods of this disclosure are useful for monitoring, from acentral location, activities of instruments and users located remotelyfrom the central location. The test device can be configured to perform,for example, a biochemical test, a forensic test or a diagnostic test.These tests are not mutually exclusive.

In one embodiment, the test device can be a forensic test device. Thehuman genome is full of repeated DNA sequences. These repeated sequencescome in various sizes and are classified according to the length of thecore repeat units, the number of contiguous repeat units, and/or theoverall length of the repeat region. DNA regions with short repeat units(usually 2-6 bp in length) are called Short Tandem Repeats (STR). STRsare found surrounding the chromosomal centromere (the structural centerof the chromosomes). STRs have proven to have several benefits that makethem especially suitable for human identification. STRs are popular DNAmarkers because they are easily amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) without the problem of differential amplification; that is, thePCR products for STRs are generally similar in amount, making analysiseasier. An individual inherits one copy of an STR from each parent,which may or may not have similar repeat sizes. The number of repeats inSTR markers can be highly variable among individuals, which make theseSTRs effective for human identification purposes. For humanidentification purposes, the DNA markers need to exhibit the highestpossible variation in order to discriminate between samples. It is oftenchallenging to obtain PCR amplification products from forensic samplesbecause either the DNA in those samples is degraded, or mixed, such asin a sexual assault case. The smaller size of STR alleles make STRmarkers better candidates for use in forensic applications, in whichdegraded DNA is common. PCR amplification of degraded DNA samples can bebetter accomplished with smaller target product sizes. Because of theirsmaller size, STR alleles can also be separated from other chromosomallocations more easily to ensure closely linked loci are not chosen.Closely linked loci do not follow the predictable pattern of randomdistribution in the population, making statistical analysis difficult.STR alleles also have lower mutation rates, which makes the data morestable and predictable. Because of these characteristics, STRs withhigher power of discrimination are chosen for human identification inforensic cases on a regular basis. It is used to identify victim,perpetrator, missing persons, and others.

In one embodiment, using a rapid DNA testing instrument, such as theIntegenX RAPIDHIT® system, samples are collected from individuals, e.g.,suspected of a crime, in custody suites, and processed by a forensicservice as part of a program to run all samples from arrested suspectsas part of their routine service offering. Rapid DNA profiles arecompleted in less than two hours from start to finish. A sample protocolincludes cell lysis, DNA isolation, STR amplification through PCR andthermal cycling, product injection into a separation capillary,electrophoresis, detection of product and analysis of anelectropherogram by computer.

The Rapid DNA system can fully automate and integrate all stepsnecessary to generate a DNA profile in less than two hours. DNA profilesgenerated can be completely compatible with standard databases thatcontain previously generated profiles from reference and crime scenesources, e.g., in a CODIS-compatible format. Combining ease of use andrapid turnaround time for DNA human identification will have asignificant impact toward ensuring the safety of user communities.

In another embodiment, the device can perform a diagnostic test, such asX-ray, MRI, CAT scan, PET scan, etc. The command center can be a centralmedical facility such as a regional hospital.

B. Communication

One or more computers in the command center engage in two-waycommunication with a test device, exchanging information about anoperating parameter of the device. The communication can include a queryfrom the command center about the parameter and a response from thedevice indicating status of the parameter. Alternatively, the commandcenter can receive a communication from a device about the status of anoperating parameter and the command center can transmit an instructionto the device to alter the parameter. Two way communication can include,for example, communication about system status (e.g., on or off,operation error, assay in progress), assay performance (test parameterssuch as temperature, pressure, elevation, humidity, incubation timing,voltage), test results or status of on-board consumables.

The command center can request information about the parameter, receivea response from the device, and instruct the device to alter theparameter. For example, the parameter could involve status of abiochemical assay could include temperature, elevation, humidity, timingof thermal cycling, voltage of electrophoresis, etc. Altering theparameter could involve, for example, sending an instruction to raise orlower temperature, lengthen or decrease time of a thermal cycle,increase or decrease voltage used in electrophoresis.

Another operating parameter is status of consumables. For example, thecommand center can query a device about the amount of one or moreconsumables reagent in the device, receive a reply, and transmit aninstruction to a supplier to provide supplies to the test device.

1. Monitoring Instrument Status

The command center 110 can remotely control/capture events generated atthe test equipment 120. Such events can relate to data on monitorinstrument status, data transfer, remote help, ordering, usermanagement, consumables management, user compliance, and system QC. Thisremote ability is provided by running a daemon or a local client plug inat the test station 120 that collects user input and machine parametersin real time and communicate the data to the command center 110.

Monitoring instrument status can involve receiving communication from atest instrument regarding any of a number of operating parameters. Theseparameters can include (1) whether a system is on or off, (2) how oftenis unit being used, who is operating a device, (3) at what point adevice is in carrying out a protocol.

The system can monitor any instrument on the forensic network.

2. Data Transfer and Data Review

Test results, such as forensic profiles or medical test results (e.g.,X-rays, MRI, CAT scan), can be generated by test devices and reviewed ata command center. Non-flagged profiles either “pass through”automatically to database, or require review. The system providesnotification schemes for requesting review (text, flashing indicator atcommand center). The system can flag profiles that require review withnotification schemes for requesting review (text, flashing indicator atcommand center). The user can decide to perform “real time” review offlagged result (instrument simulates “still running” for defined timeperiod). The system enables multiple potential reviewers of need toreview, including transmission of profile to accepted reviewer, thentransmission of reviewed result through command center to the remotetest device, e.g., RAPIDHIT® ID (RH ID). A real time search of lawenforcement (e.g. national/international) database can be done and theresult can be sent back to the test station 120, for example.

3. Providing Remote Help

Remote help can be provided live from the command center. The remoteuser can request help from command center via text or email or any othermethods. A number of notification schemes are supported by the commandcenter for help request (text to phone, flashing indicator at commandcenter). The response to help can come from the command center or fromphone. For video support, the remote station 120 can include a camera tosupport real-time video communication between the equipment operator andthe command center operator.

Remote help is a Web or network service that allows a supplier commandcenter to communicate, or chat, in real time with customers from theirtest equipment. Live Help applications are commonly used to provideimmediate customer support and information to clients and customers.Exact features and functions of live help are application specific. Inone embodiment, a live chat, audio conferencing, or video conferencingapplication can provide real-time user monitoring, custom chat windows,background supply/consumable analysis, QC test integration and secureadministration controls of the test instrument from the command centerto one or more test devices, typically but not always remote from thecommand center. The system can be a programmable API, or can be aphysical or virtual button that is activated by the test equipment userto request help in one embodiment.

4. Managing Consumables and Ordering Supplies

Command center may receive orders from the remote test equipment. Thesupply management process can be active, where the remote user transmitsa request from a shopping cart to the command center and the commandcenter acknowledges, e.g., with a receipt of order and expected arrivaldate. The supply management process can also be proactive in that thecommand center automatically notifies the remote user when number offorensic reactions remaining falls to a certain number and the commandcenter in response either requests an order or automatically shipsreplacement. The supply management process can also be passive. In thiscase, when the remote station supply falls to a defined number ofremaining tests, kit ships, the remote station operator is notified.Using the same process, the command center may send software upgrades tothe remote machine, and the software update can be mandatory or can beopt in with user consent.

5. Quality Control

The command center can monitor test devices for quality control. Thisincludes, for example: determining how often is unit being used,determining how many reactions are left in a reagent reservoir (e.g., acartridge) associated with a test device and alerting an instrument userto re-order supplies, determining reagent expiration date and alerting auser when expiration is near, determining assay performance anddetermining hardware and software performance.

The system can also perform quality control frequency and can check ifthe operator is performing it as required. Reminders sent to theoperator about upcoming QC run. The system can also monitor instrumentperformance and can alert the command center if power on the remoteequipment is off. The system can also test the user by providing aproficiency quiz (e.g., after training video). The command centeroperator can decide on questions and communicate the tests to the remoteequipment or instrument as part of the training of the remote equipmentoperator.

IV. Communication With Experts

Another determination that the automated system according to specificembodiments may make is to request expert review of the file bycommunicating with one or more service providers. Various criteriaconfigured at the system will aid in determining whether it is desirableto request an external review and how to request the external review caninclude criteria such as: (1) identities and contact information of oneor more service providers stored at the system; (2) performancestatistics or scores of one or more service providers stored at thesystem; (3) other criteria, such as cost of one or more serviceproviders stored at the system.

For example, referring to FIG. 2D, a biochemical test is performed and aresult of the test is transmitted to the command center 224. Once thedecision is made to request expert review of the file, the automatedsystem communicates to one or more experts to have the file reviewed234. As discussed elsewhere herein, in specific embodiments, thiscommunication can be multi-step and send out multiple requests thatservice provides respond to for review of the file, where the responsecan include cost and respond time proposals. The automated system canreceive the responses and select a reviewer.

After expert review is completed, a reviewed test result that mayinclude revisions is transmitted back to the command center 244. If theresulting file meets criteria, it is uploaded. As discussed furtherbelow, a file may be confirmed by an outside expert or the file or partof the file may be corrected by the expert.

An automated system may have two STR profile files that requirematching, that is, a determination that the profiles are consistent withhaving been generated from genetic material from the same person. Insome jurisdictions, profiles constitute a match when at least 8 STRalleles are the same. This process is referred to herein as “profilematching”. In one embodiment of the disclosure, the automated systemcommunicates with one or more experts for profile matching of the datafiles. Profiles delivered to the service provider can includeelectropherograms that do or do not include flags, and can include filesin which none, one or both files has previously been reviewed by anexpert reviewer. Accordingly, in addition to determining whether theprofiles constitute a match, the expert reviewer also can review thefiles to analyze or re-analyze flagged items, and produce a reviewed orrevised file. The service provider delivers to the user a reportdetermining a match or mismatch between the files and, optionally,reviewed and/or revised profiles.

In one example, once a system has generated an STR profile file, one ormore further actions are taken with the file. As described herein, thesefurther actions can be entirely automated, using one or more softwarecomponents to decide on an action, or alternatively, one or more actionscan include options for human intervention or human confirmation. Ineither case, further actions may be based on whether the file containsno flags or has one or more flags. If the file has no flags, the systemcan upload the file to DNA database for searching. If the file containsone or more flags, the system can decide between two options. Oneoption, involves requesting the analysis to be performed again. This caninvolve, for example, the system taking another sample from a subjectand analyzing it with the system, or sending a sample to anotherfacility for analysis. Another option, involves delivering the file to aservice provider for review. After the service provider has completedreview and revision to the STR file, the revised file may be uploaded toa DNA database for matching. This upload may be done by the serviceprovider or the revised file may first be delivered to the automatedsystem, and the automated system may then upload the file to a DNAdatabase for matching.

A protocol for having an STR profile file or other forensic data filereviewed can include the following steps: The system delivers computerfile bearing flagged item to service provider. A service provider inreceipt of a computer file containing flags performs a review. Objectsof the review include clearing flagged items and/or confirming the filemeets a quality control standard. According to specific embodiments,reviewing a computer file containing a flagged peak, the serviceprovider may do any of the following: (i) Confirm the call of theflagged peak made by the software; (ii) Change or assign a call to aflagged peek, (iii) Delete a call made by the software or (iv) Donothing. Service provider delivers reviewed file to automated system andthe automated system uploads reviewed file to a criminal justice DNAdatabase.

A review of a forensic file may be handled by an integrated automatedsystem that performs some or all of the functions of communicating withvarious service providers, receiving bids or job acceptance requests,and assigns jobs to service provides and receives results. Alternativelyor additionally, a review request may be communicated to a crowd-sourceserver as described below that handles some or all communications withservice providers.

In either alternative, service providers typically will contract withthe system operator to provide the service “on-demand” for certaincompensation. Other arrangements to form a contract to perform servicesmay be used, such as one-sided contracting, in which the job isbroadcast for performance by anyone. Individuals who contract with theservice operator are referred to herein as “service providers”. Serviceproviders can be pre-qualified to perform the file review. For example,a service provider may be required to have the requisite skills toperform a review of a forensic file or to have passed a licensingexamination. Such a person may already possess such skills, or may betrained, e.g., by the person or entity, to gain such skills.

Service providers can be assigned a quality rank based on desiredfactors such as accuracy of review, speed of review or physicallocation. In certain jurisdictions, an STR profile computer file, if itis to be reviewed, must be reviewed by a person physically located in acertain jurisdiction, such as a U.S. state. In operation, the method caninvolve some or all of the following steps: receiving notification froma user of a job to be performed, e.g., review of an STR profile computerfile; notifying service providers of a job to be performed; receiving anindication from one or more service providers of their willingness toperform the job; selecting a service provider who has indicated theirwillingness to perform the review; providing access to the computer fileto the selected service provider; having the service provider review thefile; and receiving from the service provider a reviewed file. The usercan provide the computer file before or after a service provider hasbeen selected to perform the job. The user also can specify qualitiesdesired or necessary in the service provider, such as level of training,physical location, turn-around time, error rate, etc. The request can bemade directly from an expert system that generates the profile and thataccesses the communications network directly, or by a person who submitsthe job.

Any suitable communications network can be used, such as cell orInternet. The notification may be in the form of a phone call, a textmessage, a mobile device notification, etc. Notification can comethrough an application designed for a mobile device or a computer. Thenotification can include a “response time,” a time within which a personselected to perform a job must complete the job. Such a time may be nomore than any of 10 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 10 minutes or 5minutes.

V. Communication with Third Party Databases

The system can communicate with third party databases, e.g.,governmental/law enforcement databases or medical records databases,112.

Beginning in 1996, the FBI Laboratory launched a nationwide forensicscience effort to establish core STR loci for inclusion within thenational database known as CODIS (Combined DNA Index System). The 13CODIS loci are CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820,D8S1179, D135317, D165539, D18551 and D21511. These loci are nationallyand internationally recognized as the standard for human identification.While the FBI database is detailed, the system works with other nationallaw enforcement agencies as well. Similar to the FBI, the United KingdomNational DNA Database (NDNAD; officially the UK National CriminalIntelligence DNA Database) is a national DNA Database that was set up in1995. As of the end of 2005, it carried the profiles of around 3.1million people. In March 2012 the database contained an estimated5,950,612 individuals. The database, which grows by 30,000 samples eachmonth, is populated by samples recovered from crime scenes and takenfrom police suspects and, in England and Wales, anyone arrested anddetained at a police station. Only patterns of short tandem repeats arestored in the NDNAD—not a person's full genomic sequence. Currently theten loci of the SGM+ system are analyzed, resulting in a string of 20numbers, being two allele repeats from each of the ten loci. Amelogeninis used for a rapid test of a donor's sex. However, individuals' skin orblood samples are also kept permanently linked to the database and cancontain complete genetic information. Because DNA is inherited, thedatabase can also be used to indirectly identify many others in thepopulation related to a database subject. Stored samples can alsodegrade and become useless, particularly those taken with dry brushesand swabs.

Referring to FIG. 2B, a biochemical test is performed and the result istransmitted to the command center 220. The command center can establisha communication link with a third party database 222 and send a computerfile to a third party database for review. For example, aCODIS-compatible STR profile can be communicated to a forensic database.The database can compare the profile to profiles in the database. Thethird party database can communicate the presence or lack of a matchbetween the transmitted profile and profiles in the database 232. Thisresult can, in turn, be transmitted to a user at the test device 242.

VI. Communication with Operations Service Providers

Referring to FIG. 2C, a command center can establish communication linkwith an operations service provider 223. An operations service providerhas specialized knowledge of test devices and of the command center. Thecommand center and the operations service provider can engage in two-waycommunication 233. An operation service provider can be contacted toprovide assistance with test device or command center operations, or torepair command center or test devices. Return communication can includeacknowledgement of receipt of a request. The command center cancommunicate an order for service from the operations service provider inresponse to an indication of need for service from a test device.

In another embodiment, two way communication can include a query fromthe operations service provider about command center or test deviceneeds, with a response from the command center regarding status ordetails of such needs. Operations service provider also can be a sourcefor orders of consumables of test devices and software upgrades, amongother things.

VII. Communication with Centralized Command Center

In another embodiment, a command center functions as a regional commandcenter. One or more regional command centers can be in two-waycommunication with a centralized command center that receives some orall communications received by or transmitted from the regional commandcenters.

For example, an operations service provider can perform the functions ofthe command center, except through the command center communicationslinks.

VIII. Communication Methods

Communication can occur over a communications network, which caninclude, for example, a high-speed transmission network including,without limitation, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Cable Modem, Fiber,Wireless, Satellite and, Broadband over Powerlines (BPL). Remote testdevices can be configured for short link communication, e.g., Bluetooth,and can connect to a receiver such as a cellular telephone whichconnects through a cell to a cellular telephone communications networkor a computer which connects to a communications network by Wi-Fi or bya direct wire connection. Alternatively, test devices can connect byWi-Fi to a local area network which is connected to the communicationsnetwork. In another embodiment, test devices connect directly to acellular telephone network through a cell connection. Communicationsnetwork can transmit received signal to a remote server in communicationwith the command center.

Preferably, communications within the network is done securely with thecenter 110 using encrypted communication links. Strong cryptography orcryptographically strong techniques are used to communicate data thatare highly resistant to cryptanalysis. The system runs an encryptionmethod that uses a very large number as its cryptographic key. Thelarger the key, the longer it takes to unlawfully break the code. In oneembodiment, 256 bits is considered strong encryption, but 1024 bits, 2k, or even 4 k key can be used.

In some embodiments, a communication link is established through acloud-based computing service, such as Microsoft Azure. As shown in FIG.6, a central location contains the command center. The command centercan communicate through a cloud-based gateway, such as Azure, with anynumber of remote locations. These can include, for example, stationshaving one or more test devices. The station can be, for example, policebooking stations at a plurality of different locations. The test devicescan be, for example, devices that perform rapid DNA testing. The commandcenter also can communicate through the cloud host with one or moreremote computing devices, e.g., mobile computing devices such as tabletsor smart phones. The command center can communicate directly with athird party database, such as DNA profile database, such as NDNAD.

Further references will now be made to FIG. 3, which shows the processflow of a method in accordance with the present subject matter. Localtest station 120 is configured for capturing an action (or actions)performed by the user on a test station 120 (e.g., using a touchscreenof the mobile device) or by the test machine on its own at 311.

Test station 120 is also configured for interpreting the captured actionand the result of the action at 312, generating a message including theinterpreted action/result at 313, and transmitting the interpretedactions to command center 110 at 314. In one example, the action can bemachine action such as a consumable material counter that periodicallysends out a report on remaining consumables. In another example, theaction can be commands sent from the central command center to the testdevice 120 to perform self-diagnostic, report on remaining consumables,or to play a help script or video for a user, among others.

Command center 110 is configured for receiving the transmitted messagefrom test station applications 120 at 315, translating the message at316, and transmitting the translated message to the central commandcenter 110 (using a client plugin, for example) at 317. Client plugin isconfigured for receiving the translated message at 318, and generating anotification at 319. Although only a single test station 120 and asingle application are discussed in FIG. 3, it should be noted that thecommand center 110 can be configured to communicate among a plurality oftest station applications and/or applications, e.g., to allow multipleusers to access one or more applications.

In some variations, one or more (e.g., including all) of the componentsare independent and/or communicate with each other via internet socketsto provide high-speed communication and/or handle high traffic volumes.This ensures that the communications are timely and without errors/loss.Internet sockets can also provide acknowledgements of the transmissions.

In some variations, both test station 120 and client plugin can send andreceive messages (and/or other data) through command center 110. Thisprovides scalability in situations with a large number of users and/orapplications. In some variations, each user can, for example, perform anSTR test (or perform an action) and send it back to the application.Once accepted, the new information can be updated (or the relevantinformation can be updated) and shared with other users.

In some variations, command center 110 translates the received messagesand transmits the translated messages in a First-In-First-Out (FIFO)manner. In some variations, each message can also include time-stampdata.

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of a method 300 implementing a commandcenter 110 in accordance with the present subject matter. At 321, asocket connection is established with a mobile device. 321 is repeatedfor each additional mobile device(S). For each message transmitted bythe test station 120 (e.g., representing a user-action such as amulti-touch gesture performed by a user using the mobile device), method300 receives the message at 322, translates the message into atranslated message including one or more predetermined parameters at323, and transmits the translated message to an application forperforming an application action corresponding to the user-action basedon the translated message at 324. 322-324 are repeated for each messagefrom each of the connected mobile devices.

In some variations, command center 110 creates a standardizedtranslation for each received message. For example, each receivedmessage can be translated into smaller packages to be transmitted. Insome variations, different actions (e.g. different gesture/action) canshare as many parameters as possible to allow the messages to becompact.

In some variations, client plugin can be configured such that after thehost application has loaded, it will initiate a socket connection overto command center 110. Upon a successful connection, client plugin canregister itself with command center 110, which then sends a list of userdetails currently connected to the client plugin. When the hostapplication closes the corresponding socket connection between clientplugin and command center 110, command center 110 can disconnect fromthe test station 120 as well. Similarly, the severance of connectionbetween test station 120 and command center 110 can be automaticallydetected by command center 110. The difference is that this informationcan optionally not be sent back to the connected mobile application,and/or allow automatic reconnection from test station 120 back to clientplugin once it has been restarted. The client plugin can be Javascriptclass with websocket capabilities.

In some variations, the command center 110 can be configured to run as adaemon service, and to listen to incoming messages from both the teststation application and the client plugin at designated ports. These canbe run as a shared or dedicated service depending on the requirements.In some variations, the client plugin can be configured to enable remotemonitoring and control of the test equipment through code.

A daemon is a computer program that runs as a background process, ratherthan being under the direct control of an interactive user. For example,syslogd is the daemon that implements the system logging facility andsshd is a daemon that services incoming SSH connections. In a Unixenvironment, the parent process of a daemon is often, but not always,the init process. A daemon is usually either created by a processforking a child process and then immediately exiting, thus causing initto adopt the child process, or by the init process directly launchingthe daemon. In addition, a daemon launched by forking and exitingtypically must perform other operations, such as dissociating theprocess from any controlling terminal (tty). Such procedures are oftenimplemented in various convenience routines such as daemon(3) in Unix.Systems often start daemons at boot time and serve the function ofresponding to network requests, hardware activity, or other programs byperforming some task. Daemons can also configure hardware (like udevd onsome Linux systems), run scheduled tasks (like cron), and perform avariety of other tasks.

IX. Computers

Aspects of the subject matter described herein can be embodied insystems, apparatus, methods, and or articles depending on the desiredconfiguration. In particular, various implementations of the subjectmatter described herein can be realized in digital electronic circuitry,integrated circuitry, specially designed application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/orcombinations thereof. These various implementations can includeimplementation in one or more computer programs that are executableand/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least oneprogrammable processor, which can be special or general purpose, coupledto receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data andinstructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and atleast one output device.

These computer programs, which can also be referred to programs,software, software applications, applications, components, or code,include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can beimplemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-orientedprogramming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As usedherein, the term “machine-readable medium” refers to any computerprogram product, apparatus and/or device, such as for example magneticdiscs, optical disks, memory, and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs),used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmableprocessor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machineinstructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readablesignal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/ordata to a programmable processor. The machine-readable medium can storesuch machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as woulda non-transient solid state memory or a magnetic hard drive or anyequivalent storage medium. The machine-readable medium can alternativelyor additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner,such as for example as would a processor cache or other random accessmemory associated with one or more physical processor cores.

To provide for interaction with a user, the subject matter describedherein can be implemented on a computer having a display device, such asfor example a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD)monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and apointing device, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by whichthe user may provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices canbe used to provide for interaction with a user as well. For example,feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, suchas for example visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback;and input from the user may be received in any form, including, but notlimited to, acoustic, speech, or tactile input. Other possible inputdevices include, but are not limited to, touch screens or othertouch-sensitive devices such as single or multi-point resistive orcapacitive trackpads, voice recognition hardware and software, opticalscanners, optical pointers, digital image capture devices and associatedinterpretation software, and the like.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary command center user interface. The commandcenter provides a plurality of screens, each controlling a remote testequipment. A central console allows one expert or trained user tohelp/support a number of field test equipment sites. To remove some ofthe manpower costs and to reduce potential security breaches, servicesare available that transfer some of the functionality provided by theon-premise test equipment 120 to an offsite location such as the centralcommand center 110. Additionally, some customers may outsource theirsupport needs to a third party provider such as the operations serviceprovider 102. Typically, these providers set up the business or companyforensic testing network, house the computers needed for the customer'sforensic network, and provide the manpower necessary to keep the networksupported and running. Outsourcing the forensic network may reduce themanpower and support necessary to maintain personnel and equipmenttypically housed on-premise, but outsourcing the entire network mayresult in decreased speed and efficiency to the client accessing theshared resources via the servers. The control center allows cost savingyet maintains the efficiency needed by the customer such as a city orcounty law enforcement agency.

The subject matter described herein can be implemented in a computingsystem that includes a back-end component, such as for example one ormore data servers, or that includes a middleware component, such as forexample one or more application servers, or that includes a front-endcomponent, such as for example one or more client computers having agraphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user caninteract with an implementation of the subject matter described herein,or any combination of such back-end, middleware, or front-endcomponents. A client and server are generally, but not exclusively,remote from each other and typically interact through a communicationnetwork, although the components of the system can be interconnected byany form or medium of digital data communication. Examples ofcommunication networks include, but are not limited to, a local areanetwork (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and the Internet. Therelationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programsrunning on the respective computers and having a client-serverrelationship to each other.

The implementations set forth in the foregoing description do notrepresent all implementations consistent with the subject matterdescribed herein. Instead, they are merely some examples consistent withaspects related to the described subject matter. Although a fewvariations have been described in detail herein, other modifications oradditions are possible. In particular, further features and/orvariations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein. Forexample, the implementations described above can be directed to variouscombinations and sub-combinations of the disclosed features and/orcombinations and sub-combinations of one or more features further tothose disclosed herein. In addition, the logic flows depicted in theaccompanying figures and or described herein do not necessarily requirethe particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirableresults. The scope of the following claims may include otherimplementations or embodiments.

X. Examples

One aspect of the disclosure provides a command center including acomputer. In some implementations, the computer comprises at least onenetwork communications interface, at least one display screen and userinterface, and one or more processors. In some implementations, the atleast one network communications interface is configured to establishtwo-way communication with a plurality of sites remote from a commandcenter.

In some implementations, the at least one display screen and userinterface includes a display device such as an LED or LCD displayconfigured to display one or more graphical user interfaces and/or oneor more text-based user interfaces. In some implementations, a displaydevice includes a touch screen allowing user input by touching a surface(e.g., a capacitive surface). In some implementations, the userinterface includes one or more physical input devices (e.g., a mouse, akeyboard, and a display device) and graphical elements shown on a screenof the display device (e.g., a mouse cursor and one or more graphicaluser interfaces or text-based windows or terminals).

The command center can be employed to implement a process shown in FIG.7. FIG. 7 illustrates a diagram of a process 700 for operating a commandcenter and communicating with one or more forensic field test devices.Process 700 involves establishing communications between a commandcenter computer and the plurality of sites that are remote from thecommand center computer, with each site including at least one forensicfield test device that is configured to identify individuals using DNAsamples from the individuals. See block 702.

In some implementations, each site comprises at least one field testdevice that is selected from a biochemical testing device, a biometrictesting device (e.g., a finger print analysis system), or a diagnosticdevice. In some implementations, each site of a plurality of sitesremote from the command center includes at least one forensic field testdevice configured to identify individuals using DNA samples from theindividuals. In some implementations, the forensic field test devicecomprises a biochemical testing device. In some implementations, thebiochemical testing device comprises an electrophoresis device. In someimplementations, the biochemical testing device includes a sequencingdevice. In some implementations, the biochemical device includes a nextgeneration sequencing system. In some implementations, the field testdevice includes a diagnostic test device, such as an x-ray device, anMRI device, a CAT scan device, PET scan device, etc. In someimplementations, the command center can be located in a central medicalfacilities such as a regional hospital.

Process 700 involves displaying, using the display device and userinterface of the command center, aspects of forensic field test devicesof the plurality of sites, wherein the aspects include a site identifierfor each of the forensic field test devices and one or more additionalaspects. See block 706. An aspect of the field test device refers to aproperty, characteristic, or attribute of the field test device, as wellas data and information that are associated with or attributable to thefield test device. In some implementations, the one or more additionalaspects include one or more of the following: the current status of atleast one of the forensic test devices, a log of operations of at leastone of the forensic field test devices, an instrument run list of atleast one of the forensic field test devices, a status of consumables ofat least one of the forensic field test devices, and operatorinformation of at least one of the forensic field test devices.

In some implementations, a log of operations of a forensic field testdevice may include a list of operations performed by the test device(e.g., sample intake, analysis, result, operator/user of device, statusof sample processing or data analysis). The listed operations may betime ordered and/or time stamped. Furthermore, the log of operations maybe organized according to criteria other than or in addition to time.For instance, the operations may be sorted by operators or by types oftests or statuses of tests (e.g., completed or failed tests).

In some implementations, a site identifier of a field test deviceincludes graphical and/or textual information representing a sitehosting the field test device. For instance, a site identifier may be agraphical icon associated with a site, ID or number associated with thesite, a graphical name associated with the site, or combinationsthereof.

In some implementations, one or more status of a test device may bedisplayed, wherein the statuses include but are not limited to on/offstatus, run time, network status, operational conditions, consumablessupply conditions, and other statuses as further described herein.

In some implementations, operated information of the device may bedisplayed. An operator of the test device may be an authorized user ofthe device. Information such as the operator's name, authorizationlevels, devices authorized to be operated by the operator, and otherinformation described herein may be displayed.

Process 700 also involves receiving input from personnel present in thecommand center for controlling operation of at least one of the forensicfield test devices. See block 708. The input may be received using adisplay screen and a user interface of the command center computer.Operations that can be controlled include but are not limited to turningthe device on and off, locking the operation of a device therebypreventing unauthorized operation, adjusting test run parameters such astest time or reaction temperatures, and other operation as describedherein. In some implementations, the field test devices automaticallyadjust operational parameters to account for environmental parameterssuch as ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, altitude, etc.

For example, at 3000 meters, the boiling point of water decreases toabout 89° C. This temperature is below some DNA melting temperaturesused in PCR (e.g., about 94° C.).

Some implementations provide a device for performing a biochemicalreactions, the results of which reactions depend, at least in part, onan environmental condition under which the biochemical reactions areperformed. The device includes a sensor that measures the environmentalcondition; and software that adjusts a parameter of the performance ofthe biochemical reaction to compensate for the environmental condition.In some implementations, the environmental condition is selected fromambient temperature, ambient humidity, ambient barometric pressure, orelevation. In some implementations, the biochemical reaction includesPCR and the adjustment includes lowering melting temperature duringthermal cycling to below the boiling point of water at the ambientbarometric pressure.

In some implementations, instead of or in addition to automaticallyadjusting operations, the device may receive information regardingoperational parameters, or instructions to adjust operations oroperational parameters. For example, the command center can send aninstruction to the field test device to raise or lower temperature,lengthen or decrease time of a thermal cycle, increase or decreasevoltage used in electrophoresis.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a graphical user interface as animplementation of the user interface of the command center. Thegraphical user interface 800 includes icons 802-810 associated withfeatures relating to the forensic test devices or the command center.The user can select (e.g., by point and click using a mouse or touchingthe icon on a touch screen) one of the icons 802-810 to activatedifferent graphical windows or elements for different features.

Illustrated in FIG. 8 is a map view 801 activated by selecting icon 804in graphical user interface (GUI) 800. Map view 801 includes siteidentifiers 812-818, each of which indicates a location where at leastone forensic field test device is located. In some implementations, asshown here in the figure, the map of the map view 801 may be zoomed inor out by a user e.g., by using a graphical element such as thegraphical element 803.

In some implementations, the GUI 800 includes one or more elements thatallow a user to direct forensic field test devices to known locations.

At the bottom of the graphical user interface 800, three graphicalelements 820, 822, 824 are displayed. The graphical element 820 displaysaverage runs of all the forensic field test devices at the sites 812,814, 816, and 818. The average runs are displayed graphically in a bargraph, with each bar indicating the average number of runs by day of theweek. In some implementations, a bar graph illustrating the runs by daymay be customized to display different forensic field test devices. Forinstance, it can be customized to display all devices in a particularregion instead of the devices located within the shown map area asillustrated. In some implementations, the bar graph may display thedevices at a specific site after a user selects a site identifierrepresenting the specific site. In some implementations, as the map areachanges, the information displayed in the bar graph in boxes 802automatically updates to reflect the forensic field test devices locatedin the updated map area.

Graphical user interface 800 also includes element 822 that includes abar graph displaying consumables remaining for forensic field testdevices. The bars of the graph are labeled by the device IDs of theforensic field test devices. The bar graph may indicate the number oftest runs that can be carried out using the consumables remaining in thetest devices. The consumables may include reagents, gel, or otherconsumable materials used by the forensic field test devices inperforming tests.

In some implementations, other information about consumables may bedisplayed, such as the amount left, the expiration dates of theconsumables, the projected depletion time of the consumables based onthe rate of use, and the conditions of the reactants. In someimplementations, reminders regarding the consumables may be sent fromthe command center to the forensic field test devices. In someimplementations, orders of the consumables may be generated manually orautomatically at the forensic field test devices and sent to the commandcenter. In some implementations, a log of the orders sent from the fieldtest devices can be shown in a graphical user interface 1500 asillustrated in FIG. 15. FIG. 15 shows graphical user interface 1500,which can be activated by the user selecting the icon 806 in FIG. 8. Insome implementations, the command center may supply or procure theconsumables based on the information about the consumables of theforensic field test devices. In some implementations, as shown in FIG.15, orders of consumables can be presented in a list that is sortedbased on remaining consumables in the forensic field test devices. Insome implementations, the command center can predict the depletion timeof the consumables, and color code a device when the supply is predictedto be less than a particular period, e.g., two weeks. In someimplementations, consumable supply management can be automated throughsettings, allowing the user of the command center to set the frequencyof supply, the notification about supplies, etc.

Returning to FIG. 8, the graphical user interface 800 also includeselement 824 that shows a bar graph indicating the status of the forensicfield test devices. In the example shown, a bar graph is displayedshowing the network uptime of the forensic field test devices. In someimplementations, the graphical user interface can display other statusesof the forensic field test devices, such as the on and off status, therun time, the current or previous times or temperatures of reactions,pressure, elevation, humidity, and other operation parameters of thedevices. The information about the statuses of the forensic field testdevices can inform the user of the command center, who can then interactwith the forensic field test devices or the operators thereof. Forinstance, the user of the command center may remotely control theforensic field test devices, provide instructions to the operators ofthe forensic field test devices, issue alerts, and provide supplies tothe forensic field test devices.

FIG. 9 illustrates a graphical user interface 900 of the command centerthat appears as the default screen when the command center initiates agraphical user interface. In some implementations, it is displayed inresponse to the user selection of icon 802. In some implementations,graphical user interface 900 includes one or more third-partyapplications. In some implementations, the applications relate toservices that are of interest to personnel at the command center. Insome implementations, the third-party applications relates to generalforensic or law enforcement topics such as trade journals orpublications. In some implementations, the third-party applicationsrelate to forensic or legal services such as DNA fingerprintingservices, DNA testing or analysis services, forensic analysis services,etc. Area 902 of graphical user interface 900 shows icons for variousthird-party applications. In some implementations, area 902 includesuser selectable indications connecting to the one or more third-partyapplications services. In some implementations, referral fee or otherconsiderations from the one or more third-party applications or servicesmay be implemented with the command center application.

As mentioned above with reference to FIG. 8, site identifiers 812, 814,816, and 818 shown in graphical user interface 800 and on map 801 may beselected by the user of the command center. In some implementations, theuser may single click a graphical representation of the site identifierto show additional information of the site and the one or more forensicfield test devices at the site. In some implementations, a new graphicaluser interface can be activated by performing another user gesture onthe site identifier, e.g., by double-clicking a site identifier element.

FIG. 10 shows an example of a graphical user interface 1000 activated inresponse to a user gesture performed on the site identifier. In someimplementations, graphical user interface 1000 is displayed in responseto the user selecting a site identifier on map 801. The graphical userinterface 1000 includes an element 1016 that shows the average runs byday for a forensic field test device at a site associated with the siteidentifier selected by the user. In this example, one forensic fieldtest device is shown in the graphical user interface 1000. The graphicaluser interface 1000 includes an element 1002 that shows a log ofoperations of the forensic field test device. The log shows instrumentruns at the forensic field test device. The instrument runs comprisegenetic profiling tests performed at the device.

Display element 1002 shows four columns 1004, 1006, 1008 and 1010 ofinformation associated with the instrument runs. Column 1004 indicateswhether the instrument runs completed properly or passed. In someimplementations, if the physical operations of the test did not completeproperly, the run is flagged by an indicator. See indicator 1012. Insome implementations, a run is flagged if the biochemical reactions ofthe test failed to complete. In some implementations, the run is flaggedas not passed if the data analysis of the test is potentially unreliableor inaccurate.

Display element 1002 also includes column 1006 showing the names of theusers that operate the runs of the tests, information labeling the runsat column 1008, and run status information of the device at column 1010.

In some implementations, graphical user interface 1000 also includes adisplay element 1014 that shows more details of an instrument run. Insome implementations, display element 1014 is activated in response tothe user selecting a row indicating a run in the instrument runs log in1002. In some implementations, display element 1014 includes operationconditions and parameters of the field test device, such as cartridges,results, sample processing, data analysis, hardware operation, reagentoperation, reaction condition, hardware status, time of operations,chemical reaction preparation and status, etc.

In some implementations, the instrument runs performed by the field testdevice relate to biochemical reactions for testing genetic profiles ofbiological samples. In some implementations, a test for obtaining thegenetic profile includes electrophoresis reaction for detectingdifferent STR alleles at multiple loci.

In some implementations, further information about the data analysisfrom the instrument runs may be displayed by the command center. In someimplementations, the user may activate a graphical user interfaceshowing data analysis of the data collected from the instrument runs byselecting an item in the instrument runs in element 1002. FIG. 11A showsan example of a graphical user interface 1100 for analyzing anddisplaying data from an instrument run. Graphical user interface 1100shows electropherograms obtained from the data of an electrophoresistest run performed by the forensic field test device. Each row in theelectropherograms of FIG. 11A shows one lane of electrophoresisreaction. Each lane is multiplexed to detect multiple loci of STRshaving different sizes. Plotted on the x-axis is the size of themolecule, and on the y-axis is the detected signal strength.

Row 1101 illustrates a lane for detecting STRs at loci 1102, 1104, 1106,1108, and 1110. Shown on the X axis is the size of the STR sequences.The sizes of the loci are different, allowing multiplexing of the fiveloci using one lane. As is shown in FIG. 10, run 1012 is flagged as “notpassed,” indicating the allele calls at one of the loci in theelectropherogram is potentially unreliable or inaccurate, or has anotherpotential problem. The corresponding electropherogram in FIG. 11A ismarked with an indicator 1106 showing the potentially unreliable portionof the data in the electropherogram. The data obtained from the run mayor may not require a rerun of the test. In some implementations, in thissituation a genetic profile may not be generated, or the genetic profilemay be potentially unreliable. A further determination of the runrequires review and input from a human expert.

In many situations, the field test sites do not have the personnel withthe expertise to review and analyze the electropherograms. In someimplementations, an expert at the command center may review and analyzethe instrument runs that have been flagged as potentially problematic orunreliable. In some implementations, flagged instrument runs may beforwarded to one or more experts remote from the command center forfurther review and analysis. In some implementations, the flaggedinstrument runs may be distributed to a cloud computing platform. Cloudsourcing the analysis and review to remote experts is especiallybeneficial to a large network of devices producing large amount of data.In some implementations, experts remote from the command center may beprovided with a user interface similar to the user interface shown inFIG. 11A, on a remote server or on a local computer.

The ability to have the test data reviewed and analyzed at a locationremote from the physical location of the test device, and the ability tocloud source the data review and analysis provide technologicalimprovements that can significantly change the efficiency of the tests.When used in many real world applications such as in the criminaljustice system, these improvements can result in catching otherwisemissed criminals, or saving lives that otherwise would have been lost,due to missing the critical window of opportunity.

In some implementations, the reviewer of the electropherogram of theuser graphical interface 1100 may zoom into various portions of theelectropherogram, including a portion that has been flagged aspotentially unreliable or problematic. FIG. 11B shows graphical userinterface 1100 that includes a zoomed in display of the data includingthe data flagged at location 1106 as potentially unreliable for locus1102. See also a portion of the electropherogram that has a small peakfollowing a large peak at location 1106. In some implementations, anexpert may provide input about the potentially unreliable portion of theelectropherogram.

For instance, the expert may activate an interface such as a pop-upwindow to provide input regarding the potentially unreliable data. FIG.11C shows a pop-up window 1108 that the user of graphical user interface1100 may activate to provide input about selected data (such as data atlocation 1106). For instance, the expert may confirm the data as beingacceptable, thereby clearing the unreliable or problematic status of thedata. In some implementations, the expert may provide other input suchas providing comments or deleting a flag of the data.

FIG. 12A shows a graphical user interface 1200 including informationabout operators or users of the forensic field test devices. In someimplementations, the graphical user interface 1200 is activated by auser selecting icon 808. In some implementations, operators of thedevices in a particular region may be shown in the graphical userinterface 1200.

Operators of the forensic field test devices at sites shown on map 801in FIG. 8 may be displayed in a graphical element 1202. In otherimplementations, other sets of operators may be displayed. Element 1202includes multiple rows of information for operators. Element 1202 alsoincludes multiple columns for displaying different types of informationof the operators, including the name, the image, the personal ID number,the enrollment status of fingerprint access to the devices, thefingerprint slot number, and the enrollment status of face recognitionof the operator. As shown, element 1202 is implemented as a scrollablewindow.

Graphical user interface 1200 includes elements 1206 showing activeinstruments authorized to be used by a particular user and element 1212showing inactive instruments not authorized to be used by the user. Insome implementations, the elements 1206 and element 1212 are activatedby selecting a user in 1202. Display element 1206 also shows additionalinformation regarding device 1214, including the originator or locationof the device, the name of the device, and the serial number of thedevice.

In some implementations, the active/inactive assignment of theinstruments to a user may be changed using graphical elements 1208 and1210. For instance, FIG. 12A shows that device 1214 is active andauthorized to be used by user 1204. In some implementations, theinstruments may be assigned or removed for the user using buttons 1208and 1210. For instance, FIG. 12B shows that devices 1216 and 1218 havebeen assigned to user 1204 by selecting a device in 1212 and clickingicon 1208. An instrument may be removed or deactivated for a user byselecting the device and clicking icon 1210.

In some implementations, the command center allows management of fieldtest device operator logins across instruments. For example, in someimplementations, an operator may be permitted to log in on multiplefield test devices, which may be provided in one geographic location ormultiple such locations. In some implementations, biometric logininformation (e.g., fingerprint and facial recognition) of a sameoperator is synchronized among and/or transferred across multipledevices.

FIG. 13 shows a graphical user interface 1300 that depicts the operationand features of a forensic field test device. In some implementations,graphical user interface 1300 is activated by selecting icon 810 in FIG.8. In some implementations, the information and graphics shown ingraphical user interface 1300 mirror that shown on the display of theforensic field test device.

As shown in graphical user interface 1300, the circular graphicalelement 1302 indicates a test operation of the forensic field testdevice. Graphical element 1312 indicates that a sample container hasbeen inserted properly into a receiving slot on the forensic field testdevice. In some implementations, the sample container is configured tocontain DNA samples, such as saliva, tissue smear, blood, plasma, bodilyfluid, or tissue samples.

In some implementations, the forensic field test device can analyze aDNA sample in about two hours. The circular graphical element 1314indicates the progress of the sample processing and analysis, with thelighter line completing the circle when the process is complete.

In some implementations, graphical user interface 1300 includes an icon1304 that a user may select. By selecting icon 1304, the user of thecommand center can remotely lock the field test device, preventingunauthorized operation of the forensic field test device.

The graphical user interface 1300 also includes an icon 1306. Byselecting icon 1306, the user may initiate an audio and/or videocommunication between the forensic field test device and the commandcenter. In some implementations, selecting icon 1306 activates graphicaluser interface 1400.

FIG. 14 includes a graphical user interface 1400 including live videofeeds from the forensic field test device and the command center. Usingthe video and associated, an operator at the forensic field test deviceand the user at the command center may carry out video and audiocommunications, such as questions and answers, orders and responses.

Returning to FIG. 13, in some implementations, graphical user interface1300 also includes an icon 1308. By selecting icon 1308, the user canaccess other information and control operation of the first field testdevice. Such other information and operation include: user log in, userregistration, sample processing operation, system maintenance, turningthe device on or off, etc.

Some implementations provide a method, the method including establishinga plurality of two-way communication links between a command center andat least two forensic field test devices. The command center includes acomputer. The forensic field test devices include chemical, parametric,or diagnostic digital devices or systems that are located remotely fromthe command center. The method also involves presenting a plurality ofindications of the at least two forensic field test devices in a userinterface of the command center.

In some implementations, the method further includes presenting in theuser interface data indicating status of one or more of the at least twoforensic field test devices. In some implementations, the method alsoincludes receiving at the command center data indicating operations ofthe forensic field test devices. In some implementations, the methodalso includes the command center storing data logs of the operationalhistories of one or more of the forensic field test devices. In someimplementations, the method additionally includes presenting at thecommand center user interface one or more alerts requesting furtheraction or specific attention from the user of the command center.

As shown in FIG. 9, in some implementations, the method involvesproviding at the command center user interface a plurality ofapplications related to general forensic topics or forensic serviceproviders 902, and presenting at the user interface a plurality of userselectable indications of the plurality of applications. In someimplementations, the method further includes providing, at the userinterface, one or more user selectable indications connecting to one ormore third-party applications or services 902. In some implementations,the method includes receiving a referral fee or other considerationsfrom the one or more third-party applications or services.

In some implementations, the method further includes, at the commandcenter, connecting to one or more secured forensic field test devices,wherein the secured forensic field test devices or configured such thatevery operational step of the secured forensic field test devices istime-date stamped and securely transmitted to the command center. Insome implementations, data are transmitted from the test devices to thecommand center via a secure transfer protocol. For example, the datatransmission may employ a security certificate or bank-transaction-likesecurity mechanisms. In some implementations, the method also includessecurely storing, at the command center, every operational step of thesecured forensic field test devices, so that step-by-step operation ofthe secured forensic field test devices are stored and can be retrievedfor purposes of processing operation of the secured forensic field testdevices or for validating evidence collection.

In some implementations, the user interface of the command centerincludes one or more of the following: a graphical display, a one ortwo-way video interface, a one or two-way audio interface, an interfaceallowing a forensic command center user to control one or more aspectsof a forensic field test device, an interface allowing a forensiccommand center user to activate one or more indications at a forensicfield test device, a voice recognition audio control interface, and atouchscreen or pointing interface.

In some implementations, the command center user interface is configuredto exchange data with a forensic field test device user interface. Theforensic field test device user interface includes one or more of: a oneor two-way video interface, a one or two-way audio interface, aninterface allowing the command center user to control one or moreaspects of the forensic field test device, and an interface allowing thecommand center user to activate one or more indications at the forensicfield test device.

In some implementations, the command center program classifies users ofthe command center based on criteria such as level of authority or job.For example, a person with authority to review activity of various fieldtest devices may be able to access run history, STR profiles, links tolaw enforcement magazines, links to non-STR forensic analysis sites andlinks to other service or product providers of interest. In contrast, aperson with authority in procurement may get access toreagent/consumable levels in units; links to product supply companies,and advertisements to supply chain magazines. The command center programmay identify a user by such classification by displaying different iconsor other information when representing the user on a display screen.

Some implementations provide a system for processing biochemical orbiometric data that includes one or more bidirectional communicationsystems connected to one or more motor vehicles, airplanes, or drones,and one or more remote quality review station.

In some implementations, the system includes components forcommunicating test results to test subjects.

In some implementations, the system includes components for conductingfinancial transactions with test subjects.

FIG. 16A illustrates system 1600 for processing biochemical or biometricdata, such as electropherogram data. System 1600 can be used toimplement methods illustrated in FIGS. 16B-16F further describedhereinafter. System 1600 is similar to the system illustrated in FIG. 1,but its illustration here emphasizes an embodiment of forensic expertcrowd sourcing. As explained above, the system may employ crowd sourcingto process biochemical or biometric files such as electropherograms.

System 1600 includes a plurality of forensic field test devices 1602A,1602B, and 1602C. In some implementations, the forensic field testdevices are configured to analyze DNA samples as described above. Theforensic field test devices are located at a plurality of sites remotefrom a command center (1610).

The forensic field test devices 1602A, 1602B, and 1602C send biochemicalor biometric data files 1604A, 1604B, and 1604C respectively to commandcenter 1610. In some implementations, the data files includeelectropherogram data and/or other genetic profiles. In someimplementations, the command center includes hardware and software asdescribed above.

The command center is also referred to as a central communications hub.In some implementations, the central communications hub comprises one ormore processors and at least one network communications interfaceconfigured for two-way communications with the forensic field testdevices. The command center also includes a user interface that allowspersonnel at the command center to control various functions of thecommand center and functions of the forensic field test devices asdescribed herein. The command center and the forensic field test devicesprovide a networked system for genetic tests having distributed testdevices and centralized control capabilities.

In some implementations, a command center has the ability to receiveinformation and queries from, and send information, queries andinstructions to, remote devices through a communications network.

In some implementations, command center 1610 can establish two waycommunications with forensic field test devices 1602A, 1602B, and 1602C.In some implementations, forensic field test devices 1602A, 1602B, and1602C can process samples to produce electropherograms, and then providethe electropherograms in files 1604A, 1604B, and 1604C to command center1610. In other implementations, the forensic field test devices provideraw electrophoresis data in 1604A, 1604B, and 1604C to the commandcenter, and the command center then processes the data to obtainelectropherograms and/or genetic profiles.

In some implementations, one or more of the forensic experts areselected to review one or more of the electropherograms 1620A-1620N. Insome implementations, the one or more forensic experts are selectedbased on characteristics of the forensic experts. For instance, theforensic experts may be rated by a quality score, and one or moreexperts having a score meeting a standard are selected. In someimplementations, command center 1610 notifies the forensic experts1630A, 16306, and 1630C of a task to review one or more of theelectropherograms 1620A-1620N.

In some implementations, the forensic experts can indicate theirwillingness to perform the review. In some implementations, forensicexperts are selected to perform the review based on the time when theyindicate they are willing to perform the review. For instance, theexpert(s) first indicating their willingness to review the files areselected.

In some implementations, electropherograms 1620A-1620N are selected fromamong electropherograms generated from data 1604A, 16046, and 1604C. Insome implementations, the selected electropherograms have potentialproblems that need reviewing by an expert. For instance, the selectedelectropherograms 1620A-1620N can be flagged to have potential problemsby a process illustrated in FIG. 16D.

Command center 1610 then provides one or more of the obtainedelectropherograms (1620A-1620N) to forensic experts such as crowdsourced service providers (1630A, 16306, and 1630C).

In some implementations, the selected forensic experts are allowed toreview the electropherograms 1620A-1620N in an order according to one ormore characteristics of the electropherograms. For example, in someimplementations, the forensic experts are allowed to reviewelectropherograms 1620A-1620N according to a chronological order inwhich the electropherograms are obtained by command center 1610. In someimplementations, the electropherograms 1620A-1620N are allowed to bereviewed in a chronological order in which the electropherograms aregenerated at the command center or at the forensic field test devices(16028, 1602B, and 1602C). In another implementation, theelectropherograms 1620A-1620N are ranked or sorted according to one ormore characteristics of the electropherograms, and they are queued andallowed to be reviewed in the ranked or sorted order—1620A, 1620B,1620C, 1620D . . . 1620N. For instance, electropherogram 1620A is rankedhighest in terms of its the complexity of the problems identified forthe electropherogram or a priority or urgency level associated with theelectropherogram. Electropherogram 1620A is thus allowed to be reviewedfirst before other electropherograms in the queue.

In some implementations, the forensic experts may revise or edit theelectropherograms to generate reviewed electropherograms 1640 by theoperations described in FIG. 16E, operation B2.

After the selected forensic expert(s) review or revise theelectropherograms in the designated order, they can send the reviewedelectropherograms 1640 back to the command center. In someimplementations, if an electropherogram among the reviewedelectropherogram files 1640 meets a quality criterion, theelectropherogram is uploaded or transmitted for forensic matching oranalysis, such as using a third party database 112 illustrated in FIG.1, or by applying step A6 in FIG. 16C.

FIG. 16B illustrates a method 1650 for processing electropherograms1650. Method 1650 can be implemented using, e.g., system 1600 of FIG.16A. The method can be used to process electropherogram data provided byforensic field test devices configured to analyze DNA samples at aplurality of sites that are geographically remote from a command center.Process 1650 starts by receiving a plurality of electropherograms orelectrophoresis data from the forensic field test devices at the commandcenter. See block 1652. If the command center receives electrophoresisdata, the command center processes such data to produceelectropherograms.

Process 1650 further involves selecting at least one service providerfrom a plurality of service providers such as forensic experts. Seeblock 1654. In some implementations, as illustrated in operation C4 inFIG. 16F, one or more service providers are selected based on selectioncriteria such as the first service provider to respond, the firstservice provider to respond having a quality rating meeting a criterion,or lowering the criterion if no qualifying experts respond within acertain time. In some implementations, at least one service provider isselected based on one or more properties of the plurality of serviceproviders. In some implementations, the one or more properties of theplurality of service providers include a time when the service providerindicates he or she is available to review the one or moreelectropherograms. In some implementations, as mentioned above, one ormore service providers that respond first are selected. In someimplementations, the one or more properties of the plurality of serviceproviders include a quality rank of the service provider. In someimplementations, the quality rank is based on accuracy of review, speedof review, level of training or expertise, and/or physical location ofthe service providers.

Process 1650 proceeds by providing one or more computer files of one ormore electropherograms of the plurality of electropherograms to the atleast one service provider. See block 1656. The one or moreelectropherograms are determined as needing review, such aselectropherograms that are flagged and delivered to forensic experts asillustrated in FIG. 16D, operations 220 b and 220 b-2. See alsooperation A5 in FIG. 16C, and operation 450 in FIG. 16F.

Process 1650 further involves allowing the at least one service providerto review the one or more electropherograms in an order based on one ormore first properties of the one or more electropherograms. See block1658.

In some implementations, the one or more electropherograms are placed ina queue according to the one or more first properties of theelectropherograms. The selected forensic experts or service providersare allowed to review the electropherograms in the queue in an ordercorresponding to the electropherograms' places in the queue. In someimplementations, the one or more properties of the one or moreelectropherograms include complexity of an analysis of theelectropherograms. In some implementations, the complexity is based on anumber of allele calls that are flagged as potentially problematic. Insome implementations, the one or more properties of the one or moreelectropherograms include a characteristic of a flagged problem in theelectropherogram. For instance, the flagged problem may relate to noisein the electropherogram that confounds a signal peak related to anallele or STR. The characteristic may be the noise level, noisedistribution, peak signal level, signal to noise ratio, or temporalseparation of the peak and the noise. In some implementations, the oneor more properties of the one or more electropherograms include a timewhen the electropherograms are generated. In such implementations, theelectropherograms that are first generated are allowed to be reviewedfirst. In some implementations, the one or more first properties of theone or more electropherograms include a time when the electropherogramsare received. In these implementations, electropherograms that are firstreceived are allowed to be reviewed first. In some implementations, twoor more of the properties are combined to determine the order of theelectropherograms in the queue. For example, the electropherogram thatis associated with an urgent label and generated in a specific time(e.g., more than 24 hours ago) is placed in the queue in before otherelectropherograms in the queue that do not meet both criteria.

Operation 1658 of process 1600 allows the at least one service providerto review the one or more electropherograms in the order based on theone or more properties of the one or more electropherograms. To enablethis, in some implementations, a single service provider is selectedfrom the plurality of service providers in operation 1654, and then asingle computer file of the electropherogram that is at the front of thequeue of the electropherograms is provided to the selected serviceprovider. The process then repeats selection of a service provider andprovision of a next electropherogram in the queue.

In some implementations, operation 1658 is optional, such that theplurality of the one or more electropherograms can be reviewed in anyorder, but the forensic experts are chosen to perform the reviewaccording to one or more properties of the service providers asdescribed above.

In an alternative implementation, operation 1654 and 1656 are optional,such that any of the service provider in the plurality of serviceproviders may review the one or more electropherograms in the orderbased on the one or more first properties of the electropherograms,namely according to the electropherograms places in the queue.

Process 1650 further involves reviewing the one or moreelectropherograms by the at least one service provider and in the orderbased on the one or more properties of the electropherograms. See block1660. In some implementations, the service providers review theelectropherograms by performing one or more operations listed in block320 of FIG. 16E. The service provider may confirm the file meeting aquality criterion, or for at least one flagged peak in theelectropherogram, the service provider may confirm a call, change orassign a call, delete a call, etc.

Finally, process 1650 involves receiving one or more computer files ofthe one or more reviewed electropherograms at the command center fromthe at least one service provider. See block 1662. See also block A6 ofFIG. 16C and block 460 of FIG. 16F.

FIG. 16C illustrates a method for handling of a biometric data file byan automated system. These steps, as with those described in the contextof FIG. 16B, can be performed by executable logic incorporated into asystem that also performs one or more steps to collect the biometricdata or can be performed by a separate logic system that receivesbiometric data files from an analysis system.

The example method generally begins when a results biometric data fileis available. (Step A1) The automated system reads the data file todetermine if the file meets quality criteria for submission to the nextforensic system, such as a DNA matching system and if the file meets thecriteria, the automated system takes steps to initiate the process (StepA2). In the case of DNA matching, these steps can include uploading,emailing, or otherwise transmitting the file to whatever system willprovide the final 10 forensic report.

If the file does not meet quality standards, the automated system takesfurther steps to facilitate rapid forensic processing of the file.Quality standards can be variously configured by an operator oradministrator of the automated system and can include various qualityscores and/or specific data characteristics such as a number of times anallele call in an STR profile file is flagged. Further handling of thefile can also be variously configured by an operator or administrator ofthe automated system and can include various criteria for taking one ormore further handling actions. Thus, based on the criteria, theautomated system makes a decision regarding the file (Step A3).

One determination that the automated system according to specificembodiments may make is to rerun the file. (Step A4). Various criteriaconfigured at the system will aid in determining whether it is desirableto rerun the file and can include criteria such as: (1) the particularquality characteristics of the file, (e.g., some files may have so manyflags that it is not desirable to have that file reviewed by an outsideexpert, or other quality characteristics may indicate that the analysiswas sub-optimal); (2) the availability of the processing system toreprocess the sample and the expected speed of receiving reprocessingresults; (3) the availability of service providers and the expectedspeed of receiving a corrected file; and (4) other criteria.

Another determination that the automated system according to specificembodiments may make is to request expert review of the file bycommunicating with one or more service providers. (Step AS). Variouscriteria configured at the system will aid in determining whether it isdesirable to request an external review and how to request the externalreview can include criteria such as: (1) identities and contactinformation of one or more service providers stored at the system; (2)performance statistics or scores of one or more service providers storedat the system; (3) other criteria, such as cost, of one or more serviceproviders stored at the system.

Once the decision is made to request expert review of the file, theautomated system communicates to one or more experts to have the filereviewed. As discussed elsewhere herein, in specific embodiments, thiscommunication can be multi-step and send out multiple requests thatservice providers respond to review the file, where the response caninclude cost and respond time proposals. The automated system canreceive the responses and select a reviewer. After expert review iscompleted, if the resulting file meets criteria, it is uploaded. (StepA6). As discussed further below, a file may be confirmed by an outsideexpert or the file or part of the file may be corrected by the expert.

An automated system may have two STR profile files that requirematching, that is, a determination that the profiles are consistent withhaving been generated from genetic material from the same person. Insome jurisdictions, profiles constitute a match when at least 8 STRalleles are the same. This process is referred to herein as “profilematching”. In one embodiment of the disclosure, the automated systemcommunicates with one or more experts for profile matching of the datafiles. Profiles delivered to the service provider can includeelectropherograms that do or do not include flags, and can include filesin which none, one or both files have previously been reviewed by anexpert reviewer. Accordingly, in addition to determining whether theprofiles constitute a match, the expert reviewer also can review thefiles to analyze or re-analyze flagged items, and produce a reviewed orrevised file. The service provider delivers to the user a reportdetermining a match or mismatch between the files and, optionally,reviewed and/or revised profiles.

As will be understood in the art of logic systems, various specificactions can be used to implement the general functions described herein.For example, “sending a file” as discussed herein may involve actualtransmission of a file via email or download or alternatively caninvolve sending a link or notification allow an expert to view a file ona local device that remains stored at the original site. Likewise,sending a confirmed or correct file may comprise transmitting a file ormay comprise transmitting data indicating that a file is confirmed ortransmitting data indicating corrections needed to a file. Furthermore,uploading a corrected file may be completed by the automated systemafter receiving the file or correction or confirmation data or in someimplementations, the automated system can provide an active link orother directions that would allow an service provider to upload thefile. Furthermore, a “file” includes one or more files.

Furthermore, an automated system implementing (Step AS) and (Step A6)above can perform numerous steps, as described in more detail below, tocrowd source one or more forensic review requests to one or moreforensic service providers.

Furthermore, while an automated system may be designed to perform one ormore steps without local human interaction, this does not precludesystems that include a user interface allowing a user to confirm,modify, or cancel automated steps or otherwise to monitor or affect theautomated process.

Referring to FIG. 16D, in a more specific example, once a system hasgenerated an STR profile file (210 a), one or more further actions aretaken with the file. As described herein, these further actions can beentirely automated, using one or more software components to decide onan action, or alternatively, one or more actions can include options forhuman intervention or human confirmation. In either case, furtheractions may be based on whether the file contains no flags (220 a) orhas one or more flags (220 b). If the file has no flags, the system canupload the file to DNA database for searching (220 a-1). If the filecontains one or more flags, the system can decide between two options.One option (220 b-1), involves requesting the analysis to be performedagain. This can involve, for example, the system taking another samplefrom a subject and analyzing it with the system, or sending a sample toanother facility for analysis. Another option (220 b-2), involvesdelivering the file to a service provider for review. After the serviceprovider has completed review and revision to the STR file, the revisedfile may be uploaded to a DNA database for matching (240). This uploadmay be done by the service provider or the revised file may first bedelivered to the automated system (230), and the automated system maythen upload the file to a DNA database for matching (240).

Referring to FIG. 16E, a protocol for having an STR profile file orother forensic data file reviewed can include the following steps: Thesystem delivers computer file bearing flagged item to service provider(310). A service provider in receipt of a computer file containing flagsperforms a review. Objects of the review include clearing flagged itemsand/or confirming the file meets a quality control standard. Accordingto specific embodiments, reviewing a computer file containing a flaggedpeak, the service provider may do any of the following: (i) Confirm thecall of the flagged peak made by the software; (ii) Change or assign acall to a flagged peek, (iii) Delete a call made by the software, or(iv) Do nothing (320). Service provider delivers reviewed file toautomated system (330) and the automated system uploads reviewed file toa criminal justice DNA database (340).

As described above, a review of a forensic file may be handled by anintegrated automated system that performs some or all of the functionsof communicating with various service providers, receiving bids or jobacceptance requests, and assigns jobs to service provides and receivesresults. Alternatively or additionally, a review request may becommunicated to a crowd-source server as described below that handlessome or all communications with service providers.

In either alternative, service providers typically will contract withthe system operator to provide the service “on-demand” for certaincompensation. Other arrangements to form a contract to perform servicesmay be used, such as one-sided contracting, in which the job isbroadcast for performance by anyone. Individuals who contract with theservice operator are referred to herein as “service providers”. Serviceproviders can be pre-qualified to perform the file review. For example,a service provider may be required to have the requisite skills toperform a review of a forensic file or to have passed a licensingexamination. Such a person may already possess such skills, or may betrained, e.g., by the person or entity, to gain such skills.

Service providers can be assigned a quality rank based on desiredfactors such as accuracy of review, speed of review or physicallocation. In certain jurisdictions, an STR profile computer file, if itis to be reviewed, must be reviewed by a person physically located in acertain jurisdiction, such as a U.S. state.

Service providers can be compensated for performing a job in any numberof ways. These include, for example, a fixed fee per file reviewed, asliding fee based on difficulty of the file, e.g., number of flags in afile, or speed of turn-around. Such terms may be agreed upon in advanceof accepting a particular job. Compensation may be made after eachinstance of performing a job, or at periodic time periods, such assemi-monthly. Compensation can be arranged electronically, for exampleby direct deposit to a bank account, or by physical check.

All computational methods described herein may be performed by acomputing device, which implements the methods programmatically, thatis, through the use of code or computer-executable instructions, e.g.,software, executable by one or more processors. These instructions maybe carried on a non-transient computer-readable medium.

The system can include processors and computer-readable media includingwhich, when executed, carry out steps of the methods of this disclosure.

In operation, the method can involve some or all of the following steps:receiving notification from a user of a job to be performed, e.g.,review of an STR profile computer file, notifying service providers of ajob to be performed; receiving an indication from one or more serviceproviders of their willingness to perform the job; selecting a serviceprovider who has indicated their willingness to perform the review;providing access to the computer file to the selected service provider;having the service provider review the file; and receiving from theservice provider a reviewed file.

The user can provide the computer file before or after a serviceprovider has been selected to perform the job. The user also can specifyqualities desired or necessary in the service provider, such as level oftraining or expertise, physical location, turn-around time, error rate,etc. The request can be made directly from an expert system thatgenerates the profile and that accesses the communications networkdirectly, or by a person who submits the job.

Service providers agree to receive notifications from the serviceoperator that an STR profile file is available for review. Serviceproviders have the option to respond to a notification indicating theirwillingness to review the file. If selected to review the file, theselected service provider may review the file and annotate it, forexample by addressing flagged items, and provide the reviewed file tothe organization.

A service provider can receive an alert through any appropriatecomputing device. For example, the device can be a smart phone, atablet, a laptop computer, a desktop computer or a television. These maybe provided with network connectivity through cell service, wirelessInternet, etc. Processing resources can enable service providerscommunicate with users or customers over a suitable communicationsnetwork.

In one embodiment, crowd sourcing is used to select a service providerto review an STR profile file, either by an automated forensic system orvia a crowd-sourcing server. Referring to FIG. 16F, over acommunications network, a request is received to have a job done, e.g.,review of a forensic report computer file (410). A plurality of serviceproviders are notified of job to be performed (420).

Any suitable communications network can be used, such as cell orInternet. The notification may be in the form of a phone call, a textmessage, a mobile device notification, etc. Notification can comethrough an application designed for a mobile device or a computer. Thenotification can include a “response time,” a time within which a personselected to perform a job must complete the job. Such a time may be nomore than any of 10 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 10 minutes or 5minutes.

Once notified, a service provider can indicate that they are willing toaccept the job or reject the job (430). Or, they may simply ignore thenotification. The indication can be made over a communications networkthat can be the same or different than the network that provided thenotification. Individuals who indicate they are willing to accept thejob are referred to as “bidders”.

The system (whether an automated system or crowd sourcing server) canselect one or more bidders to perform the job of reviewing the STRprofile file (440). Selection can be made based on any number ofcriteria. In one embodiment, the first service provider to bid for thejob is selected. In another embodiment, the first service providerhaving a specified qualification ranking may be selected, e.g., acertain turn-around time or accuracy score. An individual selected toperform a job is referred to as a “selected service provider”. Once abidder is selected as a selected service provider, the system deliversthe computer file to be reviewed to the selected service provider (450).The computer file can be delivered in any number of ways. For example,an application can allow the selected service provider to click throughto the file. The selected service provider may be able to enter awebsite location from which the file can be accessed. Alternatively, thefile can be provided by email.

The selected service provider reviews the file, making any changesnecessary. The reviewed file can be saved over the original file or as anew file. The selected service provider then delivers the reviewed fileto the system (460). Delivery can be by any suitable route, includingthe route by which the file was delivered to the selected serviceprovider.

Forensic field test devices and other devices for testing geneticprofiles (also referred to genetic test devices) may experience errorsor inaccuracies, such as system errors or inaccuracies due tomalfunctioning of system components, improper calibration ofenvironmental parameters, etc. Also, errors or inaccuracies may resultfrom operator errors.

Some implementations provide a method and a system for automaticallydetecting conditions that require calibration of the forensic field testdevices, or require retraining, recertification, and/or reauthorizationof operators of the forensic field test devices. Some implementationsprovide a method for detecting system or operator errors. In someimplementations, the method starts by obtaining a control samplecomprising genetic material. The control sample is provided by anindividual person or an individual organism that can provide avalidation sample for the purpose of validating, at a later time, anoperator of the genetic test device is following the proper operationalprocedure and the genetic test device is functioning properly. In someimplementations, the individual person providing the validation samplecan be a staff member or a human operator of the device. In variousimplementations for humans, the genetic material usually comprises DNA.For other organisms, the genetic material in the control sample maycomprise RNA. In a different aspect, the genetic material can comprise agene, a part of a gene, a group of genes, a DNA molecule, a fragment ofDNA, a group of DNA molecules, or the entire genome.

The method further involves properly obtaining a control genetic profileusing the control sample and the genetic test device. Namely, thegenetic profile is obtained when the operator of the genetic test deviceis following a proper operational procedure and the device isfunctioning properly.

The method further involves storing the control genetic profile obtainedfrom the control sample in a database. In some implementations, aplurality of control genetic profiles are obtained from a plurality ofcontrol individuals. The plurality of control genetic profiles are alsostored in the database.

In some implementations, the genetic test device can provide aperiodically reminder to initiate a validation procedure that validatesan operator of the genetic test device is following the properoperational procedure and the genetic test device is functioningproperly.

During a validation procedure, the method involves having ato-be-validated operator operate the genetic test device, which includessupplying a validation sample obtained from the same individual whoprovided the control sample.

The method further involves processing the validation sample using thegenetic test device, thereby obtaining a validation genetic profile.

The method then compares the validation genetic profile to the controlgenetic profile stored in the database, both profiles having beenobtained from the same individual. Based on the comparison, the methoddetermines whether there is a match between the validation geneticprofile and control genetic profiles stored in a database. If there is amatch, the system validates that the genetic test device is functioningproperly and the operator is operating the device properly. On thecontrary, if no match is found, the system provides an indication thateither the genetic test device is not functioning properly, and/or theoperator is not operating the device properly. In some implementations,the system prompts a calibration or troubleshooting of the device. Insome implementations, the system prompts to operator to undergotraining/retraining to learn how to properly operate the device.

Some implementations provide methods and systems for obtaining a geneticprofile from a DNA test sample. The DNA sample may be associated with aperson of interest with a known identity (e.g., a sample obtained from asuspect at a booking station) or an unknown identity (sample left at acrime scene). The methods and systems can be automated and standardized.However, these systems and methods are not always completely errorproof. Under some circumstances, a genetic test sample can beinadvertently contaminated by genetic material from various sources,such as DNA of a staff member who handles the sample or operates thetest device, or DNA of another individual inadvertently coming intocontact with the test sample.

In some implementations, the systems and methods provided herein candetect that a DNA sample has been contaminated with DNA materials ofother individuals at a testing facility, e.g., staff members at a policestation, a booking station, a detention center, a jail, etc. In someimplementations, upon detection of the contamination, the methods andsystems provide instructions to obtain a new test sample from the personof interest if the person is available. In some implementations, themethods and systems can correct errors that would otherwise result fromthe contamination and obtain an error-corrected genetic profile of theperson of interest.

FIG. 17A shows a flowchart illustrating a process 1730 for obtaining agenetic profile from a test sample including genetic material of aperson of interest. Process 1730 involves receiving test genetic dataobtained from the test sample comprising genetic material of the personof interest. See block 1732. Genetic data as used herein refers to dataobtained from genetic material of a subject or a person. In someimplementations, genetic material includes DNA, RNA, cDNA, RNA, mRNA,ribosomal RNA, mitochondrial DNA, and other nucleic acid molecules. Insome implementations, the genetic material can comprise a gene, a partof a gene, a group of genes, a DNA molecule, a fragment of DNA, a groupof DNA molecules, or the entire genome. The genetic data may be obtainedfrom the genetic material after using various techniques and procedures.In some implementations, the genetic material is subject toamplification, hybridization, extension, and other biochemicalreactions, and the reaction products are assayed to provide the geneticdata. In some implementations, the genetic data comprise electrophoresisdata obtained through electrophoresis reactions. In otherimplementations, the genetic data comprise sequencing data obtainedusing sequencing reactions and techniques such as next generationsequencing. In some implementations, electrophoresis data includeelectropherograms, features thereof, and/or data derived theelectropherograms. In some implementations, the genetic data includedata regarding various alleles of interest that may be used to uniquelyidentify individuals. In some implementations, the genetic data includeshort tandem repeat (STR) data. In some implementations, the geneticdata include single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data.

The identity of the person of interest may be known or unknown, and theperson may be available or unavailable. For example, the person ofinterest can be unknown and unavailable when the presence biologicalsample is collected at a crime scene. In another example, the person ofinterest is known, such as an arrestee, a detainee, or a suspect. Insome implementations, the method is implemented on a computer comprisingone or more processors and system memory.

In some implementations, the test genetic data includes short tandemrepeat (STR) data or SNP data. In some implementations, the SDR data areobtained by performing one or more electrophoresis reactions using thetest sample. In some implementations, the genetic profile includesinformation of SDR alleles at multiple loci.

Process 1730 further involves retrieving reference genetic data of oneor more staff members from a staff member genetic database. In someapplications, for example, the staff members are staff at a genetictesting facility or members of a law enforcement organization. See block1734.

Process 1730 further involves comparing the test genetic data to thereference genetic data to obtain one or more likelihood scores. Seeblock 1736. Each of the likelihood scores indicates how likely orprobable the test sample includes genetic material of one of the one ormore staff members in the staff member genetic database. In someimplementations, the likelihood score is calculated based on alikelihood as described herein after. In some implementations, thelikelihood score is based on a probability obtained in accordance withthe Bayesian theory. In some implementations, the likelihood score is aquantity that correlates with the probability that the test sampleincludes genetic material of one of the one or more staff members. Insome implementations, the comparison of the test genetic data to thereference genetic data can be implemented by a process illustrated inFIG. 17B.

In some implementations, the one or more staff members include staffmembers in the chain of custody of the test sample. In someimplementations, the genetic data obtained from the test sample arecompared to reference data of each staff member in the chain of custodyof the test sample. A chain of custody refers to a chronological order,documentation, or paper trail, showing the seizure, custody, control,transfer, analysis, disposition, or other handling of the test sample.

In some implementations, the genetic profile includes information of STRalleles at multiple loci. In some implementations, the likelihood scoreis based on: (i) a number of alleles in loci that each contain at leastone STR allele from a staff member's reference genetic data and at leastone STR allele from the test genetic data (the loci are also referred toas common loci hereinafter); (ii) a number of alleles detected in boththe staff member's reference genetic data and the test genetic data (thealleles are also referred to as match alleles hereinafter); and (iii) anumber of alleles detected in the staff member's reference genetic databut not in the test genetic data (the alleles are also referred to asmismatch alleles hereinafter).

In some implementations, likelihood scores may be obtained usingsoftware DNA matching tools such as STRMix™ or TrueAllele™.

In some implementations, alleles detected in both the staff membersreference genetic data and the test genetic data are weighteddifferently. In some implementations, the likelihood score L iscalculated according to the following formula:

$L = \frac{{\sum\limits_{1}^{i}\left( {w_{i} \times \beta_{i}} \right)} - \gamma}{\alpha}$

wherein α is a total number of alleles in common loci, namely loci thateach contain at least one STR allele from a staff member's referencegenetic data and at least one STR allele from the test genetic data;β_(i) is the i^(th) ranked allele among match alleles, namely thealleles detected in both the staff member's reference genetic data andthe test genetic data, wherein the alleles are ranked by a quantitymeasurement of the alleles, such an amplitude of a peak in anelectropherogram or data correlating therewith; w_(i) is a weightassigned to the i^(th) ranked allele; and y is the number of mismatchalleles, namely alleles detected in the staff member's reference geneticdata but not in the test genetic data.

In some implementations, the quantity measurement of the alleles isbased on STR allele signal intensity in an electropherogram. In someimplementations, the more highly ranked alleles are weighted moreheavily. In some implementations, for example, the two highest rankedalleles are given a weight of 1, while other alleles are given a lowerweight, e.g., 0.8. Other values of weights may be used depending onapplications.

FIGS. 18A-18E show graphical user interfaces or a computer tool forcomparing electrophoresis data of test samples and staff members. FIG.18A shows multiple files for multiple test samples, each file of asample in one row. FIG. 18B shows summary data of a test sample 215M'sSTR alleles compared to a number of staff members' STR alleles, witheach row of the table showing data for a comparison between the testsample an a staff member. The first column from the left shows labelingIDs of the reference samples (e.g., obtained from staff members). Thesecond column shows the numbers of common loci. The second column thethird column from the left shows the numbers of match alleles. Thefourth column from the left shows the numbers of mismatch alleles.

Each figure of FIGS. 18C-18E shows allele information for various locifor one of three reference samples (278M, SED0424, and SED0148) comparedto test sample 215M. In these figures, the first column from the leftcontains the names of the different common loci. The second column fromthe left contains the names of the alleles at the common loci detectedin the test sample, and the third column from the left contains thenames of the alleles at the common loci detected in the referencesample. The alleles of the test sample data and reference sample data(staff data) can be compared using the methods described above to obtainthe likelihood score L, or using process 1700 described in FIG. 17Bbelow.

In some implementations, the likelihood score of block 1736 can be adirect match probability or a likelihood ratio score.

A direct match probability is calculated under the assumptions ofHardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For heterozygous loci, the frequency of thematch in the population can be determined using the formula:

Frequency of PQ=2×p×q=2pq

-   -   where p and q are the frequency of each allele in the        population.

For homozygous loci, the frequency of the match in the population isdetermined using the formula p×p=p2 where p is the frequency of theallele in the population. A correction factor (CF) is often included inhomozygous calculations to correct for the possibility ofsubpopulations. The correction factor formula is:

Correction Factor=[p(1−p)×0]

Theta (θ), an estimate of population subdivision, is often assumed to be0.01.

Frequency of PP=(p×p)+correction factor=p2+[p(1−p)×0.01]

The combined frequency of matching at multiple loci within a racialgroup is determined by the mathematical product of the frequency of eachlocus relevant to the match.

Direct match statistics can also be presented as a likelihood ratio. Thenumerator assumes that the DNA profile of the test sample matches thereference sample, and the denominator assumes the DNA profile of thetest sample came from a randomly selected person.

Combined Frequency=Freq(FGA)×Freq(TPDX)×Freq(vWA)× . . .

Likelihood Ratio=1/Combined Frequency

Table 1 provides hypothetical data as an example for calculating alikelihood ratio score.

TABLE 1 hypothetical data for calculating a likelihood ratio scoreAllele 1 Allele 2 Locus Locus Alleles Frequency Frequency FormulaFrequency FGA 21, 22 0.173 0.189 2pq 0.065 TPOX  8 9.544 p{circumflexover ( )}2 + CF 0.298 D851179 13, 14 0.339 0.202 2pq 0.137 vWA 18 0.222p{circumflex over ( )}2 + CF 0.051

Combined Frequency=0.065×0.298×0.137×0.051=0.00014

Likelihood Ratio=1/0.00014=7143

The combined frequency can also be stated as:

Approximately 1 in 7143 individuals of the same ethnic group would beexpected to match this profile.

The likelihood ratio is properly stated as:

The DNA profiles of the reference and test samples are 7143 times morelikely to be found if the test sample came from the reference samplethan if the test sample came from a randomly selected, unrelated person.

Returning to process 1730 of FIG. 17A, the process further involvesdetermining that one of the one or more likelihood scores meets acriterion. See block 1738. In some implementations, the criterion mayrequire a likelihood score to exceed or meet a threshold value. In someimplementations, the criterion requires a score to be the largestlikelihood score and meet the threshold value.

Based on determining that one of the likelihood scores meets acriterion, process 1730 provides, as one option, instructions to anoperator of the test device to obtain a new test sample from the personof interest, which is feasible if the person is known and available. Seeblock 1742. In some implementations, process 1730 involves deconvolvingthe test genetic data to obtain a genetic profile of the person ofinterest and a genetic profile of a staff member associated with thelikelihood score meeting the criterion. The genetic profile of theperson of interest obtained by deconvolving the test genetic dataeffectively remove the contaminating effect of the contaminating DNA,correcting errors due to the contamination, and improving the validityand accuracy of the genetic profile obtained for the person of interest.

Various techniques may be used to deconvolve the test genetic data toobtain two or more genetic profiles. In some implementations, the staffmember's genetic data can be subtracted from the test genetic data. Inanother implementation, the staff member's genetic data can be used byDNA matching tools (e.g., STRMix™) to obtain the genetic profiles of thecontributing individuals. However, this is not necessary in someimplementations. For example, in some implementations, genetic profiledeconvultion methods (e.g., TrueAllele™) can resolve DNA mixture toobtain two or more genetic profiles without prior knowledge of thegenetic profiles of the contributors.

FIG. 17B shows a flowchart illustrating a process 1700 for correctingcontamination of DNA sample by DNA material of staff member, therebyallowing a more accurate genetic profile to be obtained from the testsample. Process 1700 starts by receiving electrophoresis data of thetest sample. See block 1702. The test sample includes genetic materialof a person of interest.

Process 1700 further involves receiving electrophoresis data of thecurrent staff member from a staff member database. See block 1704. Thestaff member database includes electrophoresis data of one or more staffmembers.

Process 1700 further involves setting a first locus for electrophoresisdata. See block 1706. Process 1700 then compares the electrophoresisdata of the test sample and the current staff member for the currentlocus. See block 1708. The electrophoresis data of the test sample andthe current staff member can be similar to those illustrated in FIGS.18C, 18D, and 18E.

Process 1700 then involves deciding whether there are any more loci toconsider. See decision block 1710. If so, the process loops back toblock 1708 to compare the electrophoresis data of the test sample andthe current staff member for the next locus. See the yes branch ofdecision block 1710.

If no more loci need to be considered, process 1700 proceeds to use dataobtained from the comparison to calculate a likelihood that the testsample is contaminated with DNA of the current staff member. See block1712. In some implementations, the likelihood may be calculated as thelikelihood score described above with reference to operation 1736 ofprocess 1730 in FIG. 17A.

Process 1700 then determines whether there are any more staff members toconsider. See block 1714. If so, the process sets the next staff memberas the current staff member (block 1716) and loops back to block 1704 toreceive electrophoresis data of the current staff member from the staffmember database. If no more staff members need to be considered, process1700 proceeds to decide whether a likelihood of contamination from anystaff member warrants correction. See block 1718. In someimplementations, this decision can be implemented using the samecriterion as in block 1738 of process 1730 in FIG. 17A.

If the likelihood of contamination warrants correction, process 1700proceeds to collect new sample and/or correct the electrophoresis dataof the test sample. See block 1720. The correction may be performed by,e.g., deconvolving the electrophoresis data and/or removing thecontribution of the contamination contaminating data as described above.The correction process then concludes at block 1722. If the likelihoodof contamination does not warrant correction, process 1700 skipsoperation 1720 and concludes the correction process.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

While certain embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

1. A command center comprising: (a) at least one network communicationsinterface configured for two-way communications with a plurality ofsites remote from the command center, wherein each site comprises atleast one forensic field test device configured to identify individualsusing DNA samples from the individuals; and (b) at least one displayscreen and user interface configured to: depict aspects of forensicfield test devices of the plurality of sites, wherein the aspectscomprise a site identifier for each of the forensic field test devicesand one or more additional aspects selected from the group consistingof: a current status of at least one of the forensic field test devices,a log of operations of at least one of the forensic field test devices,a status of consumables of at least one of the forensic field testdevices, and operator information of at least one of the forensic fieldtest devices; and receive input from personnel present in the commandcenter for controlling operation of at least one of the forensic fieldtest devices.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The command center of claim 1, whereinthe forensic field test devices comprise an electrophoresis device. 4.The command center of claim 1, further comprising logic for sendingoperation commands through the network communications interface to oneor more forensic field test devices to control operation of the one ormore forensic field test devices.
 5. The command center of claim 1,wherein the display screen and user interface are further configured todisplay on the display screen a geographical map showing the siteidentifiers for the plurality of sites comprising the forensic fieldtest devices.
 6. The command center of claim 5, wherein the displayscreen and user interface are further configured to receive user inputselecting one or more of the site identifiers displayed on thegeographical map.
 7. The command center of claim 6, wherein the displayscreen and user interface are further configured to display a log ofoperations of a forensic field test device at a site associated with aselected site identifier.
 8. The command center of claim 7, wherein thelog of operations comprises a list of instrument runs of tests using DNAdata provided by the forensic field test devices at the sites.
 9. Thecommand center of claim 8, wherein the display screen and user interfaceare further configured to display a flag associated with an instrumentrun shown in the list of instrument runs, wherein the flagged instrumentrun comprises a potentially unreliable DNA analysis.
 10. The commandcenter of claim 9, further comprising logic for providing thepotentially unreliable DNA analysis to an expert at a location remotefrom the command center.
 11. The command center of claim 1, wherein thedisplay screen and user interface are further configured to display aDNA analysis interface for DNA data analyses performed on DNA dataprovided by the forensic field test devices at the sites.
 12. Thecommand center of claim 11, wherein the DNA analysis interface isconfigured to receive user input for confirming or clearing a DNAanalysis as unreliable.
 13. The command center of claim 1, wherein thedisplay screen and user interface are further configured to display aconsumables monitor showing statuses of consumables of the forensicfield test devices.
 14. (canceled)
 15. The command center of claim 1,further comprising logic configured to send DNA test profiles to athird-party database center and/or receiving results from thethird-party database center regarding whether the DNA test profilesmatch any profiles in any DNA database of the third-party databasecenter. 16-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of processing electropherogramsprovided by forensic field test devices configured to analyze DNAsamples at a plurality of sites to a central communications hubgeographically remote from the plurality of sites, wherein the centralcommunications hub comprises one or more processors and at least onenetwork communications interface configured for two-way communicationswith the forensic field test devices, the method comprising: (a)receiving, at the central communications hub, a plurality ofelectropherograms from the forensic field test devices at the pluralityof sites; (b) selecting at least one service provider from a pluralityof service providers; and (c) allowing the at least one service providerto review one or more electropherograms of the plurality ofelectropherograms in an order based on one or more first properties ofthe one or more electropherograms, wherein the one or more firstproperties of the one or more electropherograms are independent of anyforensic field test devices or any sites.
 22. The method of claim 21,further comprising, before (c): providing, by the central communicationshub and in the order based on the one or more first properties, one ormore computer files of the one or more electropherograms to the at leastone service provider.
 23. (canceled)
 24. The method of claim 21, whereinthe one or more first properties of the one or more electropherogramscomprise a complexity of an analysis of the electropherograms.
 25. Themethod of claim 24, the complexity is based on a number of allele callsthat are flagged as potentially problematic.
 26. The method of claim 21,wherein the one or more first properties of the one or moreelectropherograms are selected from the group consisting of acharacteristic of a flagged problem in the electropherograms, a timewhen a electropherogram is generated, a time when an electropherogram isreceived, and any combinations thereof. 27-28. (canceled)
 29. The methodof claim 21, wherein the at least one service provider is selected basedon one or more second properties of the plurality of service providers.30-39. (canceled)
 40. A method, implemented on a computer comprising oneor more processors and system memory, for obtaining a genetic profilefrom a test sample comprising genetic material of a person of interest,the method comprising: (a) receiving, by the one or more processors,test genetic data obtained from the test sample; (b) retrieving, by theone or more processors, reference genetic data of one or more staffmembers from a database; (c) comparing, by the one or more processors,the test genetic data to the reference genetic data to obtain one ormore likelihood scores, each likelihood score indicating a likelihood orprobability that the test sample comprises genetic material of each ofthe one or more staff members; (d) determining, by the one or moreprocessors, that a likelihood score of the one or more likelihood scoresmeets a criterion; and (e) based on the determination that thelikelihood score meets the criterion, (i) deconvolving, by the one ormore processors, the test genetic data to obtain a genetic profile ofthe person of interest, or (ii) providing, by the one or moreprocessors, instructions to obtain a new test sample from the person ofinterest. 41-52. (canceled)